Recent developments in the systematic construction of abstract interpreters hinted at the possibility of a broad unification of concepts in static analysis. We deliver that unification by showing context-sensitivity, polyvariance, flow-sensitivity, reachability-pruning, heap-cloning and cardinality-bounding to be independent of any particular semantics.Monads become the unifying agent between these concepts and between semantics. For instance, by plugging the same “context-insensitivity monad” into a monadically-parameterized semantics for Java or for the lambda calculus, it yields the expected context-insensitive analysis.

To achieve this unification, we develop a systematic method for transforming a concrete semantics into amonadically-parameterized abstract machine. Changing the monad changes the behavior of the machine. By changing the monad, we recover a spectrum of machines—from the original concrete semantics to a monovariant, flow- and context-insensitive static analysis with a singly-threaded heap and weak updates.

The monadic parameterization also suggests an abstraction over the ubiquitous monotone fixed-point computation found in static analysis. This abstraction makes it straightforward to instrument an analysis with high-level strategies for improving precision and performance, such as abstract garbage collection and widening. While the paper itself runs the development for continuation-passing style, our generic implementation replays it for direct-style lambda-calculus and Featherweight Java to support generality.