INFO/STS 4240
Designing Technology for Social Impact

Online syllabus: http://www.cs.cornell.edu/people/sengers/Teaching/INFO4240/index.php

Instructors: Vera Khovanskaya and Phoebe Sengers
Lecture: Tu, Th 1:25-2:15 in Klarmann Hall KG70
Sections: Fridays, various times and locations

The social impact of technologies is typically thought about fairly late, if ever, in the design process. Indeed, it can be difficult at design time to predict what effects technologies will have. Nevertheless, design decisions can inadvertently "lock in" particular values early on. In this course, we will draw on science & technology studies, technology design, and the arts to analyze the values embodied in technology design and to design technologies to promote positive social impact. What social and cultural values do technology designs consciously or unconsciously promote? To what degree can social impact be "built into" a technology? How can we take social and cultural values into account in design?

Technical background is not needed for this course, but may be drawn on if you have it.

Course Philosophy

In the modern world, technologies are an intimate part of everyone's daily lives. The act of designing technologies does not simply create functionality; it also offers possibilities for and constraints on action, ways of looking at the world, and modes through which we can relate to one another. Designs thus, intentionally or not, embody values—ones we as a community of users sometimes accept, sometimes reject, sometimes build on, and sometimes alter.

This course will equip students to find their own answers to two key questions:

  1. What values do specific technology designs embody, and how and to what extent do they do so?
    We will look at current and historical case studies of design interventions to identify ways in which technologies can, intentionally or unintentionally, promote specific values and to analyze how those values play out in practice in the complex worlds of everyday life.
  2. How and to what extent is it possible to design technologies to reflect specific values?
    We will examine and practice a variety of design methods intended to incorporate values in design, and analyze their benefits and drawbacks.

These questions cross between two domains which are not often brought into conversation in undergraduate education: technology design and the social, cultural, and political analysis of technologies. In these course, we will develop a facility to think, speak, and act across these domains using techniques from critically-informed technology design and analysis. These techniques draw on and blend ideas from human-computer interaction, engineering, product design, science & technology studies, and the arts. This course is open to all students from engineering, the humanities, the social sciences, and the arts and design who are interested in reflecting on and improving the role of technology in society. No technical background is required or expected.

This course is oriented to an advanced undergraduate and master's student audience. An ability to read critically and willingness to take intellectual risks are essential in this course.

Learning objectives

Upon completion of this course, students will be able to:

For further information

If you have questions, please contact instructor Vera Khovanskaya, at vdk9 at cornell.edu.

You can download the full syllabus with all information from this website in print-friendly format.

Introduction: Values, Technology, and Design

What does it mean to build a technology that has a good impact on society? Can "values" even be built into technology? If not, does this mean designers have no responsibilty? If so, what values do technologies already have? How do they impose these values? How can we start designing with values in mind?

Aug 29
Technology, Design, and Social Impact
An introduction to the class. We'll review course mechanics, get a sense of the wide variety of approaches that have been used to design for a good social impact, and consider some of the possible social issues that come up in design.
Aug 30
Section
Sep 2 - Labor Day
Sep 3
Values in design
How have values been thought about as part of design? We'll look at key perspectives from technology and product design.
Additional resources: A classic reading on how to bring values into the design process along the lines suggested by Nissenbaum: Flanagan, M., Howe, D. and Nissenbaum, H. Embodying Values in Technology. In Information Technology and Moral Philosophy. Jeroen van den Hoven and John Weckert (eds.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 322-353.
Sep 5
Speculative Design
We'll adapt Gaver's design workbook technique as a method to explore cultural and social issues in and through the early stages of design.
Additional resources: Note: these papers, like many on the syllabus, are available only if you are logged in on Cornell networks. An easy way to get access from off campus is to use the Cornell Library's Passkey plug-in.
Not feeling confident about sketching? For a great how-to, see Mike Rohde's article on sketching as a design tool.
Another awesome paper describing design work drawing on speculative design is Gaver and Dunne: Projected realities. For more on how we can think about designs as a form of conceptual reflection, see Bill Gaver and John Bowers. 2012. Gaver and Bowers: Annotated Portfolios interactions 19, 4 (July 2012), 40-49.

Sep 6
Section
Sep 10
Responding to readings through speculative design
We'll continue honing our skills at speculative design as a way to explore conceptual issues related to design.
Reading:
Bleecker: "Part 1: Design Fiction"; pp 3-8 only of Design Fiction: A short essay on design, science, fact, and fiction
Sep 12
The 'impact' of design
What does it mean to say that a technology design has a certain social 'impact'? How can we understand the consequences of design?
Reading:
Edgerton: Significance (This reading - like all those without a web link - is available in the course reader for purchase as the bookstore).
Sep 13
Section
Sep 17
Case study of values and impact in design: Modernist architecture
We'll look at a detailed example of designers aiming for social impact with their design. In part, they achieved these aims; in others, they were wildly off. We'll use this case to think through the complexities of how to approach social impact through design.
Reading:
Scott: The High-Modernist City
Using design to persuade

One way in which we might create a positive impact is by using technology to persuade people to think or act differently, by providing new forms of information or by suggesting different ways to see what is happening around them.

Sep 19
Persuasive computing
Designing software and hardware to persuade people to alter their ways of thinking or their behavior, and thereby contribute to solving social problems.
Additional resources: Another useful how-to for persuasive technology: Fogg: Creating persuasive technologies: An eight-step design process
Sep 20
Section
Sep 24
Political information visualization
How can - and should - we use information visualization to make a point?
Additional resources: Here is a great overview on how to address accessibility in data visualizaion, in such a way that you make things more understandable for everybody. Some other useful tactics for designing compellingly persuasive information campaigns include the following: Principle: Make the invisible visible (by Nadine Bloch) (Beautiful Trouble, pp 152-153); Principle: Bring the issue home (by Rae Abileah and Jodie Evans) (Beautiful Trouble, pp 106-107); and "Show, Don't Tell (by Doyle Canning, Patrick Reinsborough and Kevin Buckland)" (Beautiful Trouble, pp 174-175)). What to do with your visualization? How about Tactic: Guerilla Projection (by Samantha Corbin and Mark Read) (Beautiful Trouble, pp 52-53)?
A nice example of political visualization is the Data Viz Challenge, a contest to generate visualizations of where your tax dollars go.
Sep 26
Political games
Using game design to communicate political points of view..
Sep 27
Section
Oct 1
Persuasion or coercion?
Reflecting on the politics and experience of persuasion
Additional resources: In class, I'll also be covering this argument: Brynjarsdottir et al: Sustainably unpersuaded.
Oct 3
Expanding design framing
How do you decide what the problem is you are trying to solve? How can we expand our imaginations about how technologies - or non-technologies - can make change?
Additional resources: What are some other options for making social change? Beautiful Trouble is full of them. How about organizing a strike (by Stephen Lerner) ? Or jury-rig some solutions (by Gui Bueno)?
Oct 4
Section
Infrastructuring

Code and algorithms form a contemporary infrastructure for our organizations, work, and social life. What kinds of impacts do they have on how we behave, alone and together? How can or should technical infrastructure be designed for better social outcomes?

Oct 8
Politics of algorithms
How do political issues become embodied in the details of how computer programs work? How could they become embodied in new ways?
Additional resources: An oldie but goodie - Introna and Nissenbaum: Shaping the Web: Why the Politics of Search Engines Matter.. This article explores the political consequences of search engine algorithms. It was the first landmark article to argue that search engines shape our political discourse, intentionally or unintentionally. While this article was written before the launch of Google (was there such a time?), its analysis is still relevant to search engines today.
Oct 10
Infrastructure
What is infrastructure exactly, what are its effects, and what should we consider when designing it?
Reading:
Jackson, Edwards, Bowker and Knobel: Understanding infrastructure
Additional resources: Another guide to infrastructure, with some suggestions for design: Star and Bowker: How to infrastructure
Oct 11
Section
Oct 14 - Fall Break
Oct 15 - Fall Break
Oct 17
Algorithmic fairness
How do algorithms 'build in' societal biases, and what can we do about it?
Additional resources: A great article about how algorithms should be managed: Michael Luca, Jon Kleinberg, and Sendhil Mullainathan: Algorithms Need Managers, Too
Oct 18
Section
Oct 22
Data-driven work
How are work infrastructures shaping how we will work in the future? What kinds of voices can workers have in them?
Oct 24
Infrastructural activism
Intervening in work infrastructures to shape new outcomes
Oct 25
Section
Expanding participation in design

Until now, engineers and designers have mostly been in the driver's seat. Here we expand beyond experts in technology - how can individuals and communities be involved in design decisions that affect them? Can we use this to improve the design of technology and its impact?

Oct 29
Participatory design
Developing methods and philosophies for designing technology directly with non-technically-trained participants.
Additional resources: Some concrete examples of participatory design exercises: Brandt: Designing exploratory design games; Kyng: Designing for cooperation: cooperating in design; Foverskov and Binder: Super Dots
Oct 31
Dialogic art practice
Art practices intended to engage communities and develop their abilities to comment on issues that matter to them
Nov 1
Section
Nov 5
Creating civic conversations
How can technologies be used by citizens to have a say in how they are governed? What role can designers play to support such conversations?
Reading:
Erete and Burrell: Empowered Participation
Additional resources: This op-ed explores how data can be used to bring communities together to help their citizens: David Brooks: "A Really Good Thing Happening in America". If you're interested in the Community Playbook, you can find more details here: Creating a Sociotechnical API.
Designing imagination
Technologies act not only through what you can do with them but also through the ways they shape our imaginations of what technology could be, who it could be for, and what kind of lives it could fit into. In this section we'll look at the social meanings of technology and how to design explicitly to use and reflect on this dimension.
Nov 7
When the impact is the narrative
Sometimes - perhaps much of the time -the primary impact of a technology is not what it does, but how it shapes our imaginations of what is possible or should happen.
Nov 8
Section
Nov 12
Mental health day
Everyone needs a break sometimes. Take one today.
Additional resources: Principle: Pace yourself (by Tracey Mitchell) (Beautiful Trouble, pp 158-159); and note Laurie Penny's argument in Life-hacks of the poor and aimless that being critical of the idea of individual responsibility for wellness embodied in so many apps these days does not mean it's not OK to take care of yourself
Nov 14
Critical design
Critical design as a strategy for reflecting on the social implications of technology and the design process itself.
Reading:
Dunne & Raby: Chapter 4, Design Noir
Additional resources: Just because it's 'critical' doesn't mean we don't need to be critical about it - see e.g. Questioning the 'critical' in Speculative & Critical Design
Nov 15
Section
Nov 19
Critical and speculative design workshop
Refining design techniques to express and question values and futures in design
Reading:
Bleecker: "Part 3: Fact and fiction swap properties", pp 25-33 only of Design Fiction: A short essay on design, science, fact, and fiction
Nov 21
Afrofuturism as design fiction
Imagining alternative technological worlds and histories which start from experiences of the African diaspora.
Reading:
Womack: Evolution of a space cadet (in the course reader)
Additional resources: Black Panther is the most widely known recent example of Afrofuturism; read more about that connection here. Yaszek's Race in science fiction: The case of Afrofuturism is a great overview and history of Afrofuturist science fiction and how it imagines new futures. Jasmine Weber describes a design lab dedicated to Afrofeminism: An Afrofeminist Project Uses Technology to Empower Marginalized Communities. Woodrow Winchester describes how to leverage Afrofuturism in interaction design: Afrofuturism, inclusion, and the design imagination.
Nov 22
Section
Looking forward, looking outward
In this final section of the course, we will look at how ideas we have looked at in the class are playing out in the world.
Nov 26
Final exam review
Nov 27 - Thanksgiving Break
Nov 28 - Thanksgiving Break
Nov 29 - Thanksgiving Break
Dec 3
The Silicon Valley theory of social change
How do IT developers in Silicon Valley frame how they are making a difference? What kind of a difference are they making?
Additional resources: Issues about Silicon Valley's take on how social change happens have been hitting the news a lot. See, for example, Arieff's Solving all the wrong problems. Another take on who tech developers and designers are supposed to be, and the ideas of change embodied in them can be found in Lilly Irani: Hackathons and the Making of Entreprenuerial Citizenship
Dec 5
Technology design beyond Silicon Valley
What alternative framings of technology innovation exist if we stop assuming Silicon Valley is its center?
Dec 6
Section
Dec 10
Course conclusion
We'll review where we've come and plot out paths moving forward.
Additional resources: Here's a set of resources for students who are interested in pushing the agenda of computing and social impact.
Dec 16: We offer two alternative take-home final exam dates in this class. You have your choice of which exam date you prefer. You must select your date preference on CMS by Dec 1. No changes to exam date can be made after that date. The first exam will begin on Dec 16 at 4:30pm, due on Dec 17 at 4:30pm.
Dec 18: The second take-home final exam will begin at 4:30pm, due on Dec 19 at 4:30pm.

Assignments Overview

All homework assignments will be submitted through the on-line Course Management System. If you log in and do not see our course listed, please email Palashi at send a private message to the course instructors on piazza and request to be added to CMS.

Reading

The foundation for your work in this class are the course readings, which contain the core course content. You are expected to have thoughtfully read the day's reading prior to coming to class and taken notes on ideas in the reading and your thoughts in response. Course reading varies considerably in discipline and difficulty; be aware that reading length does not greatly correlate to expected reading time. You should bring the readings and your notes to class to ground our discussions.

Design responses

Over the course of the semester, you will document your thoughts and ideas in response to the readings in the form of design responses. A design response is an informal document which identifies a specific idea from the reading that caught your attention, and explores its implications through a rough design sketch, annotated with thoughts about how the design relates to, extends, challenges, or otherwise explores the idea you chose to respond to. Every Monday starting Sept 16, you will submit 2 design responses to readings from the week. One will respond to a reading of your choice for the upcoming Tuesday, the other to a reading of your choice for the upcoming Thursday. For days when there are no readings assigned, there are no corresponding design responses due. You should expect each design response to take about 20-30 minutes to execute. If you find it taking significantly longer, please visit office hours for aid in tuning up your strategies for writing responses.

In the first unit of the course, we will build up to full design responses through writing responses, in which you identify an idea of your choice from the text and briefly explain its role in the overall argument in simple written form. You will also hand in writing responses rather than full design responses on the Monday after you have a miniproject due.

Class participation

Your participation in class is essential to your success in the course. In class we will analyze, build on, and debate about the course readings; practice design skills; work on homeworks; and engage in other activities to aid your facility in the course material. We cover material in lecture and section that is not available through any other means. If you miss class, you are strongly recommended to review not only the class slides (which are often minimalist) but also notes from one of your co-students, and take advantage of our office hours to ask any clarifying questions that remain.

We assess your participation qualitatively, incorporating our knowledge of your attendance and engagement in both lecture and section.

In class, we have frequent, brief in-class writing assignments. The primary purpose of these assignments is to (a) give you a chance to develop your course understanding by applying it immediately, (b) seed course discussion with your ideas without having to necessarily speak in front of others, and (c) evaluate how well the class as a whole is understanding specific aspects of course content. These assignments are not directly calculated into your grade but will influence your participation grade. At their discretion, the TAs reading these assignments will also award extra credit for superlative answers, things that make them say "wow!" and really show engagement with the class. Extra credit from lecture activities will boost your participation grade.

We do not excuse individual absences in this course. We understand that people will sometimes have family conflicts, job interviews, religious commitments, illnesses, and other reasons why they cannot come to class, and our baseline for good attendance allows for missing up to 2 sections and 4 lectures. If you have a serious situation that will potentially force you to miss a significant number of classes, please contact instructor Vera Khovanskaya at vdk9 @ cornell.edu to make an alternative plan for covering course material.

Design mini-projects

Over the course of the semester, you will have 5 design mini-projects which will help you develop facility in the design methods we are learning about in the course. For example, you may develop a design activity, try it out in class on your classmates, and then document the results.

Final exam

The final exam will be a written exam involving a critically engaged design analysis and exploration on an assigned topic in current events. The exam questions, minus the topic, will be released in November so that you can prepare for it.

Grade breakdown

Grading is not just a matter of numbers, but also of judgment. The instructors reserve the right to adjust grades by up to half a letter grade based on knowledge of your performance not summed up in this tidy formula.

Academic Integrity

My expectation is that you are generally aware of the need for academic integrity and self-motivated to achieve it. Issues with academic integrity that have come up in my courses in the past have been frequently due to students being unaware of the specific requirements of academic integrity at Cornell, rather than students trying to "game the system" for their own advantage. Some examples of situations I have encountered include:

I am required by the university to prosecute for such violations; doing so is particularly sad because they could have been avoided with a bit of pro-active education. I would therefore strongly encourage you to take Cornell's (brief) on-line tutorial on how to avoid unintentional plagiarism if you have not done so already. I particularly encourage taking this tutorial for students whose prior primary education was at a non-US institution as well as students who come from a substantially different disciplinary orientation than the sciences, social sciences, and humanities (e.g. art, journalism, law). You are responsible for understanding what constitutes academic integrity violations in Arts and Sciences at Cornell. Please contact me if you have any questions about how to achieve academic integrity in the context of this class (e.g., proper use of citations).

Late policy

Written and design responses may be handed in up to 3 days after the assignment is due, and miniprojects may be handed in up to 5 days after the assignment is due. In either case, the assignment will incur a late penalty. The late penalty is 1/2 letter grade (5 points out of 100) per 24 hours late, starting immediately after the assignment is due (i.e. an assignment which is one hour late will incur a full 1/2 letter grade penalty).

The final exam carries a late penalty of 1 full letter grade (10 points out of 100) per 3 hours late, starting immediately after the final exam is due (i.e. a final exam which is 10 minutes late will incur a full letter grade penalty).

Please note late homeworks may be (very) delayed in grading, as they fall outside our regular course rhythm. Late final exams may result in a temporary grade of incomplete for the course.

Extension policy

Life happens. We believe you are the best judge of when you need a break in the course. Therefore, we allow you some flexibility in handing in your assignments, to use at your own judgement:

Additional homework extensions can only be granted by the professor and are only granted under truly exceptional circumstances.It is wise to save your late pass and skipped responses for illness or family emergencies and unexpected events such as interviews.

Addressing special circumstances

We teach this course with the goal of reaching every student, no matter your circumstances. If you find that issues around ability, family commitments, health problems, religious commitments, legal issues, or other personal situations are impeding your ability to learn in this course, please reach out to the course instructors so we can make a personal plan to help you succeed in this course. Reaching out early, before things get out of hand, makes it easier for us to help you effectively, but do not let being late deter you from reaching out. Some resources that might be of use include:

  1. Office of Student Disability Services
  2. Cornell Health CAPS (Counseling & Psychological Services)
  3. Undocumented/DACA Student support: In the Dean of Students office, contact Kevin Graham ( Kevin.Graham @ cornell.edu ) and see this list of campus resources

Regrade policy and grading explanations

Questions about why you got a grade may be answered by any TA. You may also ask any TA whether they think it would be a good idea to ask for a regrade. However, no one on the TA team is actually allowed to change a grade once released, even if it is obviously, egregiously wrong. This power is reserved for Vera Khovanskaya.

It is our aim in this class to grade fairly and clearly. If there has been a serious error in grading, we want to know about this and fix it. You can let us know about a potential issue by requesting your assignment to be regraded.

There are two kinds of regrade requests in this course:

  1. The first kind is a mechanical regrade. These are clear, indisputable problems such as: the TA added my points up wrong; the TA took off a late fee but I had gotten an extension; I got someone else's comments on my assignment. These regrade requests are handled by sending an email to Vera at vdk9 @ cornell.edu or by private note to Vera on piazza. You can also approach Vera in person in class or at her office hours.
  2. The second kind is a regrade that requires some judgement. These include issues such as: the TA may have misinterpreted the rubric; I got graded one way but my friend got graded another; I don't think the number of points I got for this is really fair, given what I did. These kind of regrade requests generally require some discussion, so that we can fully understand your point of view. You can submit this kind of regrade request in person by attending Vera's's office hours. If you cannot make the office hours, please contact her by email to make an appointment for a regrade request.

Please note:

Textbook

The course uses a course reader, which you can purchase at the Cornell Store. Please purchase this reader immediately; it is printed on demand so you may find that there are no copies available for instant purchase.

The rest of the course readings are available on-line or will be handed out in class or via piazza. To access many of these readings through the links, you will need to be on the Cornell network, or logged in to the Cornell library through a proxy using your NetID. You can find out more about how to do this here.

Bibliography of course readings

Abileah, Rae and Jodie Evans. Principle: Bring the Issue Home. In Andrew Boyd and Dave Oswald Mitchell, eds., 2012. Beautiful Trouble: A Toolbox for Revolution. OR Books. http://beautifultrouble.org/

Asad, Miriam and Christopher LeDantec. “Creating the Atlanta Community Engagement Playbook.” Atlanta Studies. November 09, 2017. https://doi.org/10.18737/atls20171109

Asad, Mariam, Christopher A. Le Dantec, Becky Nielsen, and Kate Diedrick. 2017. Creating a Sociotechnical API: Designing City-Scale Community Engagement. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '17). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2295-2306. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025963

Arieff, Allison, 2016. Solving All the Wrong Problems. The New York Times, July 9. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/10/opinion/sunday/solving-all-the-wrong-problems.html?_r=1.

Avle, Seyram and Silvia Lindtner. 2016. Design(ing) 'Here' and 'There': Tech Entrepreneurs, Global Markets, and Reflexivity in Design Processes. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp 2233-2245. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858509

Bleecker, Julian, 2009. Design Fiction: A Short Essay on Design, Science, Fact, and Fiction. http://drbfw5wfjlxon.cloudfront.net/writing/DesignFiction_WebEdition.pdf.

Bloch, Nadine. Principle: Make the invisible visible. In Andrew Boyd and Dave Oswald Mitchell, eds., 2012. Beautiful Trouble: A Toolbox for Revolution. OR Books. http://beautifultrouble.org/principle/make-the-invisible-visible/

Blume, Kathryn. Principle: Enable, Don't Command. In Andrew Boyd and Dave Oswald Mitchell, eds., 2012. Beautiful Trouble: A Toolbox for Revolution. OR Books. http://beautifultrouble.org/principle/enable-dont-command/

Bogost, Ian, 2006. Playing Politics: Videogames for Politics, Activism, and Advocacy. First Monday, Special Issue Number 7: Command Lines: The Emergence of Governance in Global Cyberspace. http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1617/1532.

Boyd, Andrew. Tactic: Prefigurative Intervention. Andrew Boyd and Dave Oswald Mitchell, eds., 2012. Beautiful Trouble: A Toolbox for Revolution. OR Books. http://beautifultrouble.org/tactic/prefigurative-intervention/

Brandt, Eva, 2006. Designing Exploratory Design Games: A Framework for Participation in Participatory Design? In Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Participatory Design: Expanding Boundaries in Design Pp. 57-66. ACM. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1147261.1147271.

Brynjarsdottir, Hronn, Maria Håkansson, James Pierce, Eric Baumer, Carl DiSalvo, and Phoebe Sengers, 2012. Sustainably Unpersuaded: How Persuasion Narrows Our Vision of Sustainability. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. pp. 947-956. ACM. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2208539.

Bueno, Gui, 2012. Principle: Jury-rig Solutions. In Andrew Boyd and Dave Oswald Mitchell, eds.. Beautiful Trouble: A Toolbox for Revolution. OR Books. http://beautifultrouble.org/principle/jury-rig-solutions/

Cairo, Alberto, 2013. Emotional Data Visualization: Periscopic's "U.S. Gun Deaths" and the Challenge of Uncertainty. http://www.peachpit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2036558

Canning, Doyle, 2012. Principle: Show, Don’t Tell. In Andrew Boyd and Dave Oswald Mitchell, eds., Beautiful Trouble: A Toolbox for Revolution. OR Books. http://beautifultrouble.org/principle/show-dont-tell/

Consolvo, Sunny, James A. Landay, and David W. McDonald, 2009. Designing for Behavior Change in Everyday Life. IEEE Computer 42(6), pp 100-103. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5199605&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fiel5%2F2%2F5199578%2F05199605.pdf%3Farnumber%3D5199605

Crawford, Kate. Artificial Intelligence's White Guy Problem. Op-ed, New York Times, June 25, 2016. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/26/opinion/sunday/artificial-intelligences-white-guy-problem.html.

Data Viz Challenge, N.d.. Preemptive Media. Visualize Your Taxes: Grand Award Winner. http://www.datavizchallenge.org/

Davis, Ben, 2013. A Critique of Social Practice Art. international Socialist Review, Issue 90, July 2013. http://isreview.org/issue/90/critique-social-practice-art

Dörk, Marian, Patrick Feng, Christopher Collins, and Sheelagh Carpendale. 2013. Critical InfoVis: exploring the politics of visualization. In CHI '13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA '13). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2189-2198. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/2468356.2468739

Dunne, Anthony, and Fiona Raby, 2001. Design Noir: The Secret Life of Electronic Objects. Birkhauser.

Edgerton, David, 2007. The Shock of the Old: Technology and Global History since 1900. Oxford University Press.

Erete, Sheena and Jennifer O. Burrell. 2017. Empowered Participation: How Citizens Use Technology in Local Governance. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '17). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2307-2319. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025996

Ewing, John, 2012. Case Study: Virtual Streetcorners. In Andrew Boyd and Dave Oswald Mitchell, eds., 2012. Beautiful Trouble: A Toolbox for Revolution. OR Books. http://beautifultrouble.org/case/virtual-streetcorners/

Flanagan, Mary, Daniel C. Howe, and Helen Nissenbaum, 2008. Embodying Values in Technology: Theory and Practice. In John Weckert, ed., Information Technology and Moral Philosophy, pp. 322-353. Cambridge University Press. http://www.nyu.edu/projects/nissenbaum/papers/Flanagan,%20Howe%20&%20Nissenbaum%20-%20Embodying%20Values.pdf.

Fogg, BJ. 1998. Persuasive computers: perspectives and research directions. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '98). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 225-232. DOI=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/274644.274677

Fogg, BJ. 2009. Creating persuasive technologies: an eight-step design process. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Persuasive Technology (Persuasive '09). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 44, 6 pages. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/1541948.1542005

Foverskov, Maria, and Thomas Binder, 2011. Super Dots: Making Social Media Tangible for Senior Citizens. In Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Designing Pleasurable Products and Interfaces. ACM. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2347504.2347575.

Froehlich, Jon, Tawanna Dillahunt, Predrag Klasnja, Jennifer Mankoff, Sunny Consolvo, Beverly Harrison, and James A. Landay. 2009. UbiGreen: investigating a mobile tool for tracking and supporting green transportation habits. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '09). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1043-1052. https://doi.org/10.1145/1518701.1518861

Gaver, Bill, and John Bowers, 2012. Annotated Portfolios. interactions 19(4), pp 40-49. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2212877.2212889

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Gaver, William, 2011. Making Spaces: How Design Workbooks Work. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1551-1560. ACM. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1978942.1979169.

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