%
% $Id: aipcheck.tex,v 1.4 2001/01/31 20:46:55 latex3 Exp $
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Testing for potential problems with this class
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\newif\ifproblem
\newif\iftimesok

\typeout{***********************************************}
\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Testing if all files required for the aipproc}
\typeout{* class are available ...}
\typeout{*}
\typeout{***********************************************}

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for LaTeX2e ... }
\ifx\documentclass\undefined
 \typeout{*}
 \typeout{* Sorry this is a fatal error:}
 \typeout{*}
 \typeout{* The aipproc class can only be used with LaTeX2e which is}
 \typeout{* the standard LaTeX since 1994!}
 \typeout{*}
 \typeout{* Please make sure that your version of LaTeX is up-to-date}
 \typeout{* before attempting to use this class.}
 \typeout{*}
 \expandafter\stop
\else
 \typeout{* ... ok }
\fi

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for aipproc.cls ... }
\IfFileExists{aipproc.cls}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Sorry this is a fatal error:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Before you can use the aipproc class you have to unpack}
     \typeout{* it from the documented source.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Run LaTeX on the file 'aipproc.ins', e.g.,}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* \space\space latex aipproc.ins}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* or whatever is necessary on your installation to process}
     \typeout{* a file with LaTeX. This should unpack a number of files for you:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* aipproc.cls \space and \space aip-*.clo}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* After that retry processing this guide.}
     \typeout{*}
     \stop
}

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for fixltx2e.sty ... }
\IfFileExists{fixltx2e.sty}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found, trying fix2col.sty instead ... }
     \typeout{*}
     \IfFileExists{fix2col.sty}
	 {
	  \typeout{* ... ok }
	 }
	 {
	  \typeout{* ... not found! }
	  \typeout{*}
	  \typeout{* Sorry this is a fatal error:}
	  \typeout{*}
	  \typeout{* Your LaTeX distribution contains neither fixltx2e.sty}
	  \typeout{* nor fix2col.sty.}
	  \typeout{*}
	  \typeout{* This means that it is either too old or incompletely}
	  \typeout{* installed.}
	  \typeout{*}
	  \typeout{* fixltx2e.sty is part of the standard LaTeX distribution}
	  \typeout{* since 1999; fix2col.sty is an earlier version of this}
	  \typeout{* package.}
	  \typeout{*}
	  \typeout{* Best solution is to get the latest LaTeX distribution.}
	  \typeout{* If this is impossible for you, download fix2col.sty.}
	  \typeout{* You can get this software from a CTAN host.}
          \typeout{* Refer to http://www.tug.org to find such an archive on}
          \typeout{* the net.}
	  \typeout{*}
	  \typeout{* After you have updated your LaTeX distribution}
	  \typeout{* retry processing this guide.}
	  \stop
     }
}

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for fontenc.sty ... }
\IfFileExists{fontenc.sty}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Sorry this is a fatal error:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The fontenc package, which is part of standard LaTeX}
     \typeout{* (base distribution) has to be installed at the site to}
     \typeout{* run the aipproc class.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The fact that it cannot be found either means that}
     \typeout{* this LaTeX release is too old or that it was installed}
     \typeout{* improperly.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Please make sure that your version of LaTeX is okay}
     \typeout{* before attempting to use this class. The LaTeX distribution}
     \typeout{* contains the file "ltxcheck.tex" which can be used to}
     \typeout{* test the basic functionality and integrity of your installation.}
     \typeout{*}
     \stop
    }

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for calc.sty ... }
\IfFileExists{calc.sty}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Sorry this is a fatal error:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The calc package, which is part of standard LaTeX}
     \typeout{* (tool distribution) has to be installed at the site}
     \typeout{* to run the aipproc class.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The fact that it cannot be found either means that}
     \typeout{* this LaTeX release is too old or that it was installed}
     \typeout{* only in parts.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Please make sure that the tools distribution of LaTeX}
     \typeout{* is installed before attempting to use this class.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* (You might be able to get calc.sty separately for your}
     \typeout{* installation if you are unable to upgrade to a recent}
     \typeout{* distribution for some reason.)}
     \typeout{*}
     \stop
    }

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for varioref.sty ... }
\IfFileExists{varioref.sty}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
     \gdef\variorefoptionifavailable{varioref,}
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Problem detected:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The varioref package, which is part of standard LaTeX}
     \typeout{* (tool distribution) is not installed at this site.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The fact that it cannot be found either means that}
     \typeout{* this LaTeX release is too old or that it was installed}
     \typeout{* only in parts.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* You can use the aipproc class without this package but }
     \typeout{* you cannot make use of the options "varioref" or "nonvarioref".}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Please also note that the aipguide.tex documentation}
     \typeout{* normally uses the "varioref" option to show its}
     \typeout{* effects (which  will now fail).}
     \typeout{*}
     \typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}
     \problemtrue
     \gdef\variorefoptionifavailable{}
     \let\vpageref\pageref
     \let\vref\ref
    }

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for times.sty ... }
\IfFileExists{times.sty}
    {
     \begingroup
% load times and forget it immediately again
       \RequirePackage{times}
       \global\expandafter\let\csname ver@times.sty\endcsname\relax    
       \long\def\next{ptm}
       \ifx\rmdefault\next
         \typeout{* ... ok }
         \gdef\psnfssproblemoption{}
         \endgroup
         \timesoktrue
       \else
         \endgroup
     \typeout{* ... obsolete! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Serious problem detected:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The times package, which is part of standard LaTeX}
     \typeout{* (psnfss distribution) is obsolete at this site.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The fact that it contains incorrect code either means that}
     \typeout{* this LaTeX release is too old or that it was installed}
     \typeout{* only in parts with old files remaining!}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* You can use the aipproc class without this package but}
     \typeout{* you have to specify the option "cmfonts" which result in}
     \typeout{* documents which are not conforming to the AIP layout specification!}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* You can also try using the class in the following way:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* \space\space \string\documentclass[cmfonts]{aipproc}}
     \typeout{* \space\space \string\usepackage{times}}
     \typeout{* \space\space ...}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* With luck this will result in Times Roman output but chances}
     \typeout{* are that you will get a larger number of error messages in}
     \typeout{* which case you have to remove the \string\usepackage declaration.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}
          \problemtrue
          \gdef\psnfssproblemoption{cmfonts}
          \def\textdegree{$^\circ$}            % used below but now
                                               % not setup
       \fi
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Serious problem detected:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The times package, which is part of standard LaTeX}
     \typeout{* (psnfss distribution) can not be found.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The fact that this package cannot be found either means that}
     \typeout{* this LaTeX release is too old or that it was installed}
     \typeout{* only in parts!}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* You can use the aipproc class without this package but }
     \typeout{* you have to specify the option "cmfonts" which result in}
     \typeout{* documents which are not conforming to the AIP layout specification!}
     \typeout{*}
     \typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}
     \problemtrue
     \gdef\psnfssproblemoption{cmfonts,}
    }

\iftimesok % don't bother testing other font options if times already
           % bad

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for t1ptm.fd or T1ptm.fd ... }
\IfFileExists{t1ptm.fd}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found, trying T1ptm.fd ... }
     \IfFileExists{T1ptm.fd}
          {
           \typeout{* ... ok }
          }
          {
           \typeout{* ... not found}
           \typeout{* Serious problem detected:}
           \typeout{*}
           \typeout{* The times package, which is part of standard LaTeX}
           \typeout{* (psnfss distribution) is available but the corresponding}
           \typeout{* .fd file (defining how to load Times Roman) is missing.}
           \typeout{*}
           \typeout{* The fact that this package is only partially installed}
           \typeout{* means that you LaTeX installation is unable to use Times}
           \typeout{* Roman fonts!}
           \typeout{*}
           \typeout{* You can use the aipproc class without this package but }
           \typeout{* you have to specify the option "cmfonts" which result in}
           \typeout{* documents which are not conforming to the AIP layout}
           \typeout{* specification!}
           \typeout{*}
           \typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}
           \problemtrue
           \timesokfalse
           \gdef\psnfssproblemoption{cmfonts,}
          }
    }

\fi


\newcommand\CheckFDFile[3]{%
  \typeout{*}
  \typeout{* Looking for #1#3.fd or #2#3.fd ... }
  \IfFileExists{#1#3.fd}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \IfFileExists{#2#3.fd}
      {
       \typeout{* ... ok }
      }
      {\problemtrue
       \typeout{* ... not found! }
      }
    }
}

\iftimesok % don't bother testing other font options if Times already bad

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for mathptm.sty ... }
\IfFileExists{mathptm.sty}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
     \CheckFDFile{ot1}{OT1}{ptmcm}
     \CheckFDFile{oml}{OML}{ptmcm}
     \CheckFDFile{oms}{OMS}{pzccm}
     \CheckFDFile{omx}{OMX}{psycm}
     \ifproblem
      \typeout{*}
      \typeout{* Problem detected:}
      \typeout{*}
      \typeout{* The mathptm package, which is part of standard LaTeX}
      \typeout{* (psnfss distribution) was found but some or all of its}
      \typeout{* support files describing which fonts to load are missing!}
      \typeout{*}
      \typeout{*}
      \typeout{* The fact that this package is only partially installed}
      \typeout{* means that the mathptm package cannot be used!}
      \typeout{*}
      \typeout{* You can use the aipproc class without this package but }
      \typeout{* you have to specify the option "nomathfonts" so that}
      \typeout{* math formulas will be typeset using Computer Modern.}
      \typeout{*}
      \typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}
      \problemtrue
      \gdef\psnfssproblemoption{nomathfonts,}
     \fi
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Problem detected:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The mathptm package, which is part of standard LaTeX}
     \typeout{* (psnfss distribution) can not be found.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The fact that this package cannot be found either means that}
     \typeout{* this LaTeX release is too old or that it was installed}
     \typeout{* only in parts!}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* You can use the aipproc class without this package but }
     \typeout{* you have to specify the option "nomathfonts" so that}
     \typeout{* math formulas will be typeset using Computer Modern.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}
     \problemtrue
     \gdef\psnfssproblemoption{nomathfonts,}
    }

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for mathtime.sty ... }
\IfFileExists{mathtime.sty}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The mathime package can not be found.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* This is not a serious problem because this package is}
     \typeout{* only of interest if you own the commerical MathTime fonts.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* You can use the aipproc class without this package but }
     \typeout{* you cannot use the "mathtime" option of the class.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}
     \problemtrue
    }
\else
\fi % iftimesok

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for graphicx.sty ... }
\IfFileExists{graphicx.sty}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Problem detected:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The graphics package, which is part of standard LaTeX}
     \typeout{* (graphics distribution) can not be found.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The fact that this package cannot be found either means that}
     \typeout{* this LaTeX release is too old or that it was installed}
     \typeout{* only in parts!}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* You can use the aipproc class without this package but }
     \typeout{* you cannot use commands like \protect\includegraphics
                or \protect\resizebox}
     \typeout{* in this case.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Please note that you will get a further error message below}
     \typeout{* about: "graphicx.sty not found" because the class will try}
     \typeout{* to load this package! Type return in response to that error.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* As a result the illustrations in aipguide will look strange.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}

     \gdef\resizebox##1##2{}
     \gdef\includegraphics{\textbf{graphics package missing:}}
     \problemtrue
    }

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for textcomp.sty ... }
\IfFileExists{textcomp.sty}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Problem detected:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The textcomp package, which is part of standard LaTeX}
     \typeout{* (base distribution) can not be found.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The fact that this package cannot be found either means that}
     \typeout{* this LaTeX release is too old or that it was installed}
     \typeout{* only in parts!}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* You can use the aipproc class without this package but }
     \typeout{* you will always get the error: "textcomp.sty not found"}
     \typeout{* because the class will try to load this package!}
     \typeout{* Type return in response to that error.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}

     \def\textdegree{$^\circ$}         % used below but now
                                       % not set up
     \problemtrue
    }


\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for url.sty ... }
\IfFileExists{url.sty}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Problem detected:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The url package, which should be part of a good LaTeX}
     \typeout{* distribution, can not be found.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Without this package you will not be able to use the \string\url}
     \typeout{* command. Try to download this package from a CTAN  host.}
     \typeout{* Refer to http://www.tug.org to find such an archive on}
     \typeout{* the net.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}

     \problemtrue
    }



\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for natbib.sty ... }
\IfFileExists{natbib.sty}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Serious problem detected:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The natbib package, which should be part of a good LaTeX}
     \typeout{* distribution, can not be found.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Without this package you will not be able to use certain}
     \typeout{* citation styles. See the aipguide documentation!}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Especially the layout for ARLO requires this package!}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Try to download this package from a CTAN  host.}
     \typeout{* Refer to http://www.tug.org to find such an archive on}
     \typeout{* the net.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}

     \problemtrue
    }


\typeout{*}
\typeout{* ... finished testing}
\typeout{*}
\ifproblem
\typeout{* The tests have reveiled some problems in your TeX installation.}
\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Please review the above comments carefully and read the file}
\typeout{* README for further information.}
\typeout{*}
\typeout{*****************************************************************}
\typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}
\else
\typeout{****************************************************************}
\typeout{*}
\typeout{* The tests have reveiled no problems in your TeX installation.}
\typeout{*}
\typeout{****************************************************************}
\fi


% if this file is run standalone stop otherwise continue
\def\next{aipcheck}
\edef\currjob{\jobname}
\edef\next{\meaning\next}
\edef\currjob{\meaning\currjob}
\ifx\currjob\next
  \expandafter\stop
\fi

\endinput
\input{aipcheck}

\edef\optionlist{%
   \variorefoptionifavailable        % this is either varioref or
                                     % empty if problem are detected above
   draft,%
   \psnfssproblemoption              % this is empty unless problems
                                     % are detected above
   tnotealph}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{filecontents}{ttct0001.sty}

\newcommand\DefC[1]{\displayCmd{#1}\doArgScan}
\newcommand\DefE[1]{\displayEnv{#1}\doArgScan}

\newcommand\BDefC{\begin{BDef}\def\doDefFinish{\end{BDef}}\DefC}
\newcommand\BDefE{\begin{BDef}\def\doDefFinish{\end{BDef}}\DefE}


%% Scanning ...
%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\def\@xexpast#1*#2#3#4\@@{%
  \edef\reserved@a{#1}%
  \@tempcnta#2\relax
  \ifnum\@tempcnta>\z@
    \@whilenum\@tempcnta>\z@\do
       {\edef\reserved@a{\reserved@a#3}\advance\@tempcnta \m@ne}%
    \let\reserved@b\@xexpast
  \else
    \let\reserved@b\@xexnoop
  \fi
  \expandafter\reserved@b\reserved@a #4\@@}

\def\@xexnoop #1\@@{}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\newcommand\doArgScan[1][]{%
  \@xexpast#1*0x\@@
  \expandafter\doArg\reserved@a!?}

\newcommand\doArg{}
\def\doArg#1#2?{%
  \if>#2>%                          % #2 empty then #1=! -> stop
    \doDefFinish                    % execute anything special before leaving
    \expandafter\@gobble
  \else
    \expandafter\@firstofone
  \fi
  {\xdoArg#1{#2}}%                   % scan further
}

\newcommand\xdoArg[3]{%
  \@ifundefined{displayArg#1}%
     {\ClassError{ttct}{Argument  specifier  `#1'  unknown}
                {The commands \noexpand\DefC and \noexpand\DefE etc.
                 support only a limited set of letters in\MessageBreak
                 their
                 optional argument, e.g., m (mandatory), o (optional).
                 Additional letters\MessageBreak
                 can be defined by supplying
                 a definition for \string\displayArg<letter>.}}%
  %
     {\csname displayArg#1\endcsname{#3}}%    % do what is necessary for this letter
  %
  \doArg#2?%      % pickup next potential letter
}

\newcommand\doDefFinish{}
\let\doDefFinish\relax

\newsavebox{\boxdef}

\newenvironment{BDef}
  {\begin{lrbox}\boxdef
      \def\arraystretch{1.0}%
      \begin{tabular}{@{}l@{}l@{}l@{}}%
  }
  {\end{tabular}\end{lrbox}%
   {\BCmd\fbox{\usebox\boxdef}\endBCmd}%
   \aftergroup\@afterindentfalse\aftergroup\@afterheading
  }

\newenvironment{BCmd}{
  \@beginparpenalty-\@lowpenalty
  \fboxsep2pt
  \flushleft}
 {\@endparpenalty\@M
  \@topsepadd 6pt\relax
  \endflushleft}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%
%% LaTeX Syntax Displays
%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\newcommand\Larg [1]{{\normalfont\itshape#1\/}}
\newcommand\Largb[1]{\lcb\Larg{#1}\rcb}          % curly brace
\newcommand\Largs[1]{\lsb\Larg{#1}\rsb}          % square brackets
\newcommand\Largr[1]{\lrb\Larg{#1}\rrb}          % round brackets

\DeclareRobustCommand\bs{{\normalfont\ttfamily\textbackslash}}

\DeclareRobustCommand\lcb{{\normalfont\ttfamily\textbraceleft}}
\DeclareRobustCommand\rcb{{\normalfont\ttfamily\textbraceright}}
\DeclareRobustCommand\lsb{{\normalfont\ttfamily[}}
\DeclareRobustCommand\rsb{{\normalfont\ttfamily]}}
\DeclareRobustCommand\lrb{{\normalfont\ttfamily(}}
\DeclareRobustCommand\rrb{{\normalfont\ttfamily)}}

\newcommand\displayEnv [1]{\nxLBEG{#1}\typeout{Environment name: #1}}
\newcommand\displayCmd [1]{\nxLcs {#1}\typeout{Command name: #1}}

%% define what to do for letters in optional argument of \DefC and friends
%%
\newcommand\displayArgm[1]{\Largb{#1}\typeout{\@spaces mandatory argument: #1}}
\newcommand\displayArgo[1]{\Largs{#1}\typeout{\@spaces optional argument: #1}}
\newcommand\displayArgp[1]{\Largr{#1}\typeout{\@spaces parenthesis argument: #1}}

\DeclareRobustCommand\nxLcs[1]{\mbox{\normalfont\ttfamily\bs#1}}
\DeclareRobustCommand\nxLBEG[1]{{\normalfont\ttfamily\bs{}begin\lcb#1\rcb}}
\end{filecontents}


\documentclass[\optionlist]{aipproc}

\newcommand{\MS}{\overline{\rm MS}}
\newcommand{\RS}{\rm RS}
\newcommand{\PS}{\rm PS}
\newcommand{\OS}{\rm OS}
\newcommand{\n}{\noindent}
\newcommand{\nn}{\nonumber}
\newcommand{\be}{\begin{equation}}
\newcommand{\ee}{\end{equation}}
\newcommand{\bea}{\begin{eqnarray}}
\newcommand{\eea}{\end{eqnarray}}

\def\als{\alpha_{s}}
\def\al{\alpha}
\def\lQ{\Lambda_{\rm QCD}}
\def\vs{V^{(0)}_s}

\def\simg{{\ \lower-1.2pt\vbox{\hbox{\rlap{$>$}\lower6pt\vbox{\hbox{$\sim$}}}}\ }}
\def\siml{{\ \lower-1.2pt\vbox{\hbox{\rlap{$<$}\lower6pt\vbox{\hbox{$\sim$}}}}\ }} 


\layoutstyle{6x9}

\listfiles

\usepackage{ttct0001}

\newcommand\BibTeX{\textsc{Bib}\TeX{}}

\usepackage{shortvrb}
\MakeShortVerb\|

\newcommand\aipcls{\texttt{aipproc} class}

\hbadness5000 % don't shout

\hfuzz=5pt

\makeatother

\begin{document}

\author{Antonio Pineda}{
  address={Institut f\"ur Theoretische Teilchenphysik, 
        Universit\"at Karlsruhe, 
        D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany },
  email={pineda@particle.uni-karlsruhe.de},
}


\title{Large order behavior in perturbation theory of the pole mass and the singlet static potential}

\date{}

\begin{abstract}We discuss upon recent progress in our knowledge of
        the large order behavior in perturbation theory of the pole
        mass and the singlet static potential. We also discuss about
        the renormalon subtracted scheme, a matching scheme between
        QCD and any effective field theory with heavy quarks where,
        besides the usual perturbative matching, the first renormalon
        in the Borel plane of the pole mass is subtracted.
\end{abstract}

\maketitle

\section{Mass normalization constant}
\label{secmas}
In this paper, we review some results obtained in Ref. \cite{polemass}. 

The on-shell (OS) or pole mass can be related to the $\MS$ renormalized mass by the series
\be
\label{series}
m_{\OS} = m_{\MS} + \sum_{n=0}^\infty r_n \als^{n+1}\,, 
\ee
where the normalization point $\nu=m_{\MS}$ is understood for $m_{\MS}$
 and 
the first three coefficients $r_0$, $r_1$ and $r_2$ are known 
\cite{GRA90} ($\als=\als^{(n_l)}(\nu)$, where $n_l$ is the number of
light fermions). The pole mass is also known to be IR
finite and scheme-independent at any finite order in $\als$ \cite{irfinite}. We then define the Borel transform 
\be\label{borel}
m_{\OS} = m_{\MS} + \int\limits_0^\infty\mbox{d} t \,e^{-t/\als}
\,B[m_{\OS}](t)
\,,
\qquad B[m_{\OS}](t)\equiv \sum_{n=0}^\infty 
r_n \frac{t^n}{n!} . 
\ee
The behavior of the perturbative expansion of Eq. (\ref{series}) at large
orders is dictated by the closest singularity to the origin of its
Borel transform, which happens to be located at
$t=2\pi/\beta_0$, where we define 
$$
\nu {d \als \over d
\nu}=-2\als\left\{\beta_0{\als \over 4 \pi}+\beta_1\left({\als \over 4
\pi}\right)^2 + \cdots\right\}
.$$  
Being more precise, the behavior of the Borel transform near the
closest singularity at the origin reads (we define $u={\beta_0 t \over 4 \pi}$)
\be
B[m_{\OS}](t(u))=N_m\nu {1 \over
(1-2u)^{1+b}}\left(1+c_1(1-2u)+c_2(1-2u)^2+\cdots \right)+({\rm
analytic\; term}),
\ee
where by {\it analytic term}, we mean a piece that we expect it to be
analytic up to the next renormalon ($u=1$). This dictates the behavior of the perturbative expansion at large orders to be 
\be\label{generalm}
r_n \stackrel{n\rightarrow\infty}{=} N_m\,\nu\,\left({\beta_0 \over 2\pi}\right)^n
\,{\Gamma(n+1+b) \over
\Gamma(1+b)}
\left(
1+\frac{b}{(n+b)}c_1+\frac{b(b-1)}{(n+b)(n+b-1)}c_2+ \cdots
\right).
\ee
The different 
 $b$, $c_1$, $c_2$, etc ... can
 be obtained from the procedure used in \cite{Benb} (see
 \cite{Benb,polemass} for the explicit expressions).  
We then use the idea of \cite{Lee1} and define the new function
\bea
D_m(u)&=&\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}D_m^{(n)} u^n=(1-2u)^{1+b}B[m_{\OS}](t(u))
\\
\nn
&
=&N_m\nu\left(1+c_1(1-2u)+c_2(1-2u)^2+\cdots
\right)+(1-2u)^{1+b}({\rm analytic\; term})
\,.
\eea
This function is singular but bounded at the first IR renormalon. Therefore, we
can expect to obtain an approximate determination of $N_m$ if we know the first
coefficients of the series in $u$ and by using 
\be
N_m\nu=D_m(u=1/2)
.
\ee
The first three coefficients: $D_m^{(0)}$, $D_m^{(1)}$ and $D_m^{(2)}$
are known in our case. In order the calculation to make sense, we
choose $\nu \sim m$. For the specific choice $\nu=m$, we obtain (up to $O(u^3)$ with $u=1/2$)
\bea
\label{nm}
N_m&=&0.424413+0.137858+0.0127029= 0.574974 \quad (n_f=3)
\\
\nn
&=&0.424413+0.127505+0.000360952= 0.552279 \quad (n_f=4)
\\
\nn
&=&0.424413+0.119930-0.0207998= 0.523543 \quad (n_f=5)
\,.
\eea
The convergence is surprisingly good. The scale
dependence is also quite mild (see \cite{polemass}).

By using Eq. (\ref{generalm}), we can now go backwards and give some estimates for the $r_n$. They are displayed in Table \ref{tabm}. We can
see that they go closer to the exact values of $r_n$ when increasing
$n$. This makes us feel confident that we are near the asymptotic
regime dominated by the first IR renormalon and that for higher $n$ our
predictions will become an accurate estimate of the exact values. In
fact, they are quite compatible with the results obtained by other
methods like the large $\beta_0$ approximation (see Table \ref{tabm}).

We can now try to see how the large $\beta_0$ approximation works in
the determination of $N_m$. In order to do so, we study the one chain
approximation from which we obtain the value \cite{BenekeBraunren} 
\be
N_m^{({\rm large}\; \beta_0)}={C_f \over \pi}e^{5 \over 6}=0.976564.
\ee 
By comparing with Eq. (\ref{nm}), we can see that it does not
provide an accurate determination of $N_m$. This may seem to be in
contradiction with the accurate values that the large $\beta_0$
approximation provides for the $r_n$ (starting at $n=2$) in Table
\ref{tabm}.  Lacking of any physical explanation for this fact, it
may just be considered to be a numerical accident. In fact, the agreement
between our determination and the large $\beta_0$ results does not
hold at very high orders in the perturbative expansion, whereas we
believe, on physical grounds since our approach incorporates the
exact nature of the renormalon, that our determination should go
closer to the exact result at high orders in perturbation
theory. Nevertheless, the large $\beta_0$ approximation remains
accurate up to relative high orders.

\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{lrrrrr}
\hline
   \tablehead{1}{l}{b}{${\tilde r}_n=r_n/m_{\MS}$}
  & \tablehead{1}{r}{b}{${\tilde r}_0$}
  & \tablehead{1}{r}{b}{${\tilde r}_1$}
  & \tablehead{1}{r}{b}{${\tilde r}_2$}
  & \tablehead{1}{r}{b}{${\tilde r}_3$}   
  & \tablehead{1}{r}{b}{${\tilde r}_4$}\\
\hline
exact ($n_f=3$) & 0.424413 & 1.04556 & 3.75086  & --- &
 ---  \\
Eq. (\ref{generalm}) ($n_f=3$) & 0.617148  & 0.977493 &  3.76832
  & 18.6697  &  118.441  \\
large $\beta_0$ ($n_f=3$) & 0.424413  & 1.42442 &  3.83641
  & 17.1286   &  97.5872   \\ \hline
exact ($n_f=4$) & 0.424413 & 0.940051 & 3.03854 & --- 
 & ---   \\
Eq. (\ref{generalm}) ($n_f=4$) & 0.645181 & 0.848362 & 3.03913
 & 13.8151 & 80.5776   \\ 
large $\beta_0$ ($n_f=4$) & 0.424413 & 1.31891 &  3.28911
  & 13.5972  & 71.7295    \\ \hline
exact ($n_f=5$) &0.424413 & 0.834538  & 2.36832 & --- & ---  \\
Eq. (\ref{generalm}) ($n_f=5$) & 0.706913 & 0.713994 & 2.36440 &
 9.73117  & 51.5952 \\
large $\beta_0$ ($n_f=5$) & 0.424413  & 1.21339 & 2.78390 
  & 10.5880  & 51.3865   \\  \hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Values of $r_n$ for $\nu=m_{\MS}$. Either the exact result, the estimate using Eq. (\ref{generalm}), or the estimate using the large
  $\beta_0$ approximation \cite{BenekeBraun}.}
\label{tabm}
\end{table}



\section{Static singlet potential normalization constant}
\label{secpot}

One can think of playing the same game with the singlet 
static potential in the situation where $\lQ \ll 1/r$. Its perturbative expansion reads 
\be
V_s^{(0)}(r;\nu_{us})=\sum_{n=0}^\infty V_{s,n}^{(0)} \als^{n+1}.
\ee
The first
three coefficients $V_{s,0}^{(0)}$, $V_{s,1}^{(0)}$ and $V_{s,2}^{(0)}$ are known
\cite{FSP}. At higher orders in perturbation theory the log dependence on the IR cutoff $\nu_{us}$ appears \cite{short}. Nevertheless, these logs are not
associated to the first IR renormalon (see \cite{polemass}), so
we will not consider them further in this section. We now use the observation that the first IR renormalon of the singlet
 static potential cancels with the renormalon of (twice) the pole
 mass. We can then read the asymptotic behavior of the static potential from the one
 of the pole mass and work analogously to the
 previous section. We define the Borel transform 
\be\label{borelb}
V_s^{(0)} = \int\limits_0^\infty\mbox{d} t \,e^{-t/\als}\,B[V_s^{(0)}](t)
\,,
\qquad 
B[V_s^{(0)}](t)\equiv \sum_{n=0}^\infty 
V_{s,n}^{(0)} \frac{t^n}{n!} . 
\ee
The closest singularity to the origen is located at 
$t=2\pi/\beta_0$. This dictates the behavior of the perturbative expansion at large orders to be 
\be\label{generalV}
V_{s,n}^{(0)} \stackrel{n\rightarrow\infty}{=} N_V\,\nu\,\left({\beta_0 \over 2\pi}\right)^n
 \,{\Gamma(n+1+b) \over
 \Gamma(1+b)}
\left(
1+\frac{b}{(n+b)}c_1+\frac{b(b-1)}{(n+b)(n+b-1)}c_2+ \cdots
\right)
,
\ee
and the Borel transform near the singularity reads
\be
B[V_{s}^{(0)}](t(u))=N_V\nu {1 \over
(1-2u)^{1+b}}\left(1+c_1(1-2u)+c_2(1-2u)^2+\cdots \right)+({\rm
analytic\; term}).
\ee
In this case, by {\it analytic term}, we mean an analytic function up to
 the next IR renormalon at $u=3/2$. 

As in the previous section, we define the new function
\bea
D_V(u)&=&\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}D_V^{(n)} u^n = (1-2u)^{1+b}B[V_{s}^{(0)}](t(u))
\\
\nn
&
=&N_V\nu\left(1+c_1(1-2u)+c_2(1-2u)^2+\cdots
\right)+(1-2u)^{1+b}({\rm analytic\; term})
\eea
and try to obtain an approximate determination of $N_V$ by using the
 first three (known) coefficients of this series. By a discussion
 analogous to the one in the previous section, we fix $\nu=1/r$. We
 obtain (up to $O(u^3)$ with $u=1/2$)
\bea
\label{nv}
N_V&=&-1.33333+0.571943-0.345222 = -1.10661 \quad (n_f=3) \\ \nn
&=&-1.33333+0.585401-0.329356 = -1.07729 \quad (n_f=4) \\ \nn
&=&-1.33333+0.586817-0.295238 = -1.04175 \quad (n_f=5) \,.  
\eea 
The
convergence is not as good as in the previous section. Nevertheless,
it is quite acceptable and, in this case, apparently, we have a sign
alternating series. In fact, the scale dependence is quite mild (see \cite{polemass}). Overall,
up to small differences, the same picture than for $N_m$ applies.

So far we have not made use of the fact that $2N_m+N_V = 0$. We use
this equality as a check of the reliability of our calculation. We can see
that the cancellation is quite dramatic. We obtain
\begin{eqnarray*} 
2{2N_m+N_V \over 2N_m-N_V} = \,\left\{
\begin{array}{ll}
\displaystyle{ 0.038 }&\ \ , \, n_f=3 \\
\displaystyle{0.025}&\ \ ,\, n_f=4 \\
\displaystyle{0.005}&\ \ ,\, n_f=5.
\end{array} \right.
\end{eqnarray*}
We can now obtain estimates for $V_{s,n}^{(0)}$ by using Eq.
(\ref{generalV}).  They are displayed in Table \ref{tabv}. Note that in
Table \ref{tabv} no input from the static potential has been used since
even $N_V$ have been fixed by using the equality $2N_m=-N_V$. We can see
that the exact results are reproduced fairly well (the same discussion
than for the $r_n$ determination applies). This makes us feel confident
that we are near the asymptotic regime dominated by the first IR
renormalon and that for higher $n$ our predictions will become an
accurate estimate of the exact results. The
comparison with the values obtained with the large $\beta_0$
approximation would go (roughly) along the same lines than for the mass
case, although the large $\beta_0$ results seem to be less accurate in
this case (see Table \ref{tabv}).
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{lrrrrr}
\hline
   \tablehead{1}{l}{b}{${\tilde V}_{s,n}^{(0)}= r V_{s,n}^{(0)}$}
  & \tablehead{1}{r}{b}{${\tilde V}_{s,0}^{(0)}$}
  & \tablehead{1}{r}{b}{${\tilde V}_{s,1}^{(0)}$}
  & \tablehead{1}{r}{b}{${\tilde V}_{s,2}^{(0)}$}
  & \tablehead{1}{r}{b}{${\tilde V}_{s,3}^{(0)}$}   
  & \tablehead{1}{r}{b}{${\tilde V}_{s,4}^{(0)}$}\\
\hline
exact ($n_f=3$) & -1.33333 & -1.84512 & -7.28304  & --- &
 ---  \\
Eq. (\ref{generalV}) ($n_f=3$) & -1.23430 & -1.95499 & -7.53665
  & -37.3395  & -236.882  \\
large $\beta_0$ ($n_f=3$) & -1.33333  & -2.69395 & -7.69303
  & -34.0562   &  ---  \\
\hline
exact ($n_f=4$) & -1.33333 & -1.64557 & -5.94978 & --- 
 & ---   \\
Eq. (\ref{generalV}) ($n_f=4$)  & -1.29036 & -1.69672 & -6.07826
 & -27.6301  & -161.155   \\ 
large $\beta_0$ ($n_f=4$) & -1.33333 & -2.49440  &  -6.59553
  & -27.0349  & ---  \\ 
 \hline
exact ($n_f=5$) & -1.33333 & -1.44602 & -4.70095 & --- & ---  \\
Eq. (\ref{generalV}) ($n_f=5$) &-1.41383 & -1.42799 & -4.72881 &
  -19.4623 & -103.190  \\
large $\beta_0$ ($n_f=5$) & -1.33333  &-2.29485  &  -5.58246
  & -21.0518  & --- \\
 \hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Values of $V_{s,n}^{(0)}$ with $\nu=1/r$. Either the exact result (when available), the
  estimate using Eq. (\ref{generalV}), or the estimate using the large
  $\beta_0$ approximation \cite{KSH}.}
\label{tabv}
\end{table}

In order to avoid large corrections from terms depending on $\nu_{us}$,
the predictions should be understood with $\nu_{us}=1/r$. 

\section{Renormalon subtracted scheme}
\label{secdefRS}
 
In effective theories with heavy quarks, the inverse of the heavy
quark mass becomes one of the expansion parameters (and matching
coefficients). A natural choice in the past (within the infinitely
many possible definitions of the mass) has been the pole mass because
it is the natural definition in OS processes where the particles
finally measured in the detectors correspond to the fields in
the Lagrangian (as in QED). Unfortunately, this is not the case in QCD
and one reflection of this fact is that the pole mass suffers from renormalon singularities. Moreover, these renormalon singularities lie
close together to the origin and perturbative calculations have gone
very far for systems with heavy quarks. At the practical level, this
has reflected in the worsening of the perturbative expansion in
processes where the pole mass was used as an expansion parameter. It
is then natural to try to define a new expansion parameter replacing
the pole mass but still being an adequate definition for threshold
problems. This idea is not new and has already been pursued in the
literature, where several definitions have arisen \cite{kinetic}. We can not resist the tentation of trying our own
definition. We believe that, having a different systematics than the
other definitions, it could further help to estimate the errors in the
more recent determinations of the $\MS$ quark mass. Our definition, as the
definitions above, try to cancel the bad perturbative behavior
associated to the renormalon. On the other hand, we would like to
understand this problem within an effective field theory
perspective. From this point of view what one is seeing is that the
coefficients multiplying the (small) expansion parameters in the
effective theory calculation are not of
natural size (of $O(1)$). The natural answer to this problem is that
we are not properly separating scales in our effective theory and some
effects from small scales are incorporated in the matching
coefficients. These small scales are dynamically generated in $n$-loop
calculations ($n$ being large) and are of $O(m\,e^{-n})$ (we are
having in mind a large $\beta_0$ evaluation) producing the bad
(renormalon associated) perturbative behavior. In order to overcome this
problem, we may think of doing the Borel transform. In that case, the
renormalon singularities correspond to the non-analytic terms in
$1-2u$. These terms also exist in the effective theory.  Therefore,
our procedure will be to subtract the pure renormalon contribution in
the new mass definition, which we will call renormalon subtracted
(RS) mass, $m_{\RS}$.  We define the Borel transform of $m_{\RS}$ as
follows 
\be 
B[m_{\RS}]\equiv B[m_{\OS}] -N_m\nu_f {1 \over
(1-2u)^{1+b}}\left(1+c_1(1-2u)+c_2(1-2u)^2+\cdots \right), 
\ee 
where
$\nu_f$ could be understood as a factorization scale between QCD and
NRQCD (or HQET) and, at this stage, should be smaller than $m$. The
expression for $m_{\RS}$ reads 
\be
\label{mrsvsmpole}
m_{\RS}(\nu_f)=m_{\OS}-\sum_{n=0}^\infty  N_m\,\nu_f\,\left({\beta_0 \over
2\pi}\right
)^n \als^{n+1}(\nu_f)\,\sum_{k=0}^\infty c_k{\Gamma(n+1+b-k) \over
\Gamma(1+b-k)}
\,,
\ee
where $c_0=1$. 
We expect that with this renormalon free definition the 
coefficients multiplying the expansion parameters in the effective
theory calculation will have a natural size and also the coefficients multiplying
the powers of $\als$ in the perturbative expansion relating $m_{\RS}$ with $m_{\MS}$. Therefore,
we do not loose accuracy if we first obtain $m_{\RS}$ and later on we
use the perturbative relation between $m_{\RS}$ and
$m_{\MS}$ in order to obtain the latter. Nevertheless, since we will work order by order in
$\als$ in the relation between $m_{\RS}$ and
$m_{\MS}$, it is important to expand everything in terms of
$\als$, in particular $\als(\nu_f)$, 
in order to achieve the renormalon cancellation order by order in
$\als$. Then, the
perturbative expansion in terms of the $\MS$ mass reads 
\be
m_{\RS}(\nu_f)=m_{\MS} + \sum_{n=0}^\infty r^{\RS}_n\als^{n+1}\,,
\ee
where $r^{\RS}_n=r^{\RS}_n(m_{\MS},\nu,\nu_f)$. These $r^{\RS}_n$ are
the ones expected to be of natural
size (or at least not to be artificially enlarged by the first IR renormalon).

In Ref. \cite{polemass}, we have applied this scheme to potential
NRQCD and HQET. For the former, by using the $\Upsilon(1S)$ mass, we have obtained
a determination of the $\MS$ bottom quark mass. For the latter, we
have obtained a value of the charm mass by using
the difference between the $D$ and $B$ meson mass. In both cases the
convergence is significantly improved if compared with the analogous
OS evaluations.

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\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
\endinput
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