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Poll Results: Rank order these philosophers in terms of the importance of their impact on legal scholarship |
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Rank order the philosophers below in terms of their importance for legal scholarship.
| 1. Kant (Condorcet winner: wins contests with all other choices) |
| 2. Aristotle loses to Kant by 49–40 |
| 3. Locke loses to Kant by 48–37, loses to Aristotle by 48–46 |
| 4. Rawls loses to Kant by 49–36, loses to Locke by 47–42 |
| 5. Mill (John Stuart) loses to Kant by 47–37, loses to Locke by 43–41 |
| 6. Plato loses to Kant by 56–31, loses to Mill (John Stuart) by 57–35 |
| 7. Hobbes loses to Kant by 57–24, loses to Plato by 42–38 |
| 8. Marx loses to Kant by 66–21, loses to Hobbes by 47–33 |
| 9. Hume loses to Kant by 66–12, loses to Marx by 44–33 |
| 10. Aquinas loses to Kant by 64–22, loses to Hume by 39–37 |
| 11. Wittgenstein loses to Kant by 70–12, loses to Aquinas by 41–35 |
| 12. Habermas loses to Kant by 71–11, loses to Wittgenstein by 37–35 |
| 13. Hegel loses to Kant by 79–5, loses to Habermas by 38–36 |
| 14. Nozick loses to Kant by 74–11, loses to Hegel by 38–36 |
| 15. Foucault loses to Kant by 74–9, loses to Nozick by 42–33 |
| 16. Nietzsche loses to Kant by 73–12, loses to Foucault by 39–32 |
| 17. Dewey loses to Kant by 74–6, loses to Nietzsche by 38–28 |
| 18. Rorty loses to Kant by 76–5, loses to Dewey by 33–27 |
| 19. Nagel (Thomas) loses to Kant by 75–1, loses to Rorty by 31–27 |
| 20. Kuhn loses to Kant by 75–4, loses to Nagel (Thomas) by 29–26 |
| 21. Tied: Derrida loses to Kant by 77–5, loses to Kuhn by 25–22 Quine loses to Kant by 75–1, loses to Kuhn by 33–13 |
| 23. Gramsci loses to Kant by 73–6, loses to Derrida by 28–19 |
| 24. Kripke loses to Kant by 74–2, loses to Gramsci by 26–17 |
For simplicity, some details of the poll result are not shown.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Kant | - | 49 | 48 | 49 | 47 | 56 | 57 | 66 | 66 | 64 | 70 | 71 | 79 | 74 | 74 | 73 | 74 | 76 | 75 | 75 | 77 | 75 | 73 | 74 | |
| 2. Aristotle | 40 | - | 48 | 44 | 50 | 65 | 54 | 65 | 66 | 65 | 68 | 72 | 78 | 75 | 70 | 79 | 75 | 73 | 75 | 76 | 77 | 79 | 74 | 77 | |
| 3. Locke | 37 | 46 | - | 47 | 43 | 52 | 53 | 64 | 63 | 62 | 69 | 72 | 73 | 72 | 74 | 75 | 73 | 72 | 73 | 75 | 74 | 75 | 72 | 73 | |
| 4. Rawls | 36 | 45 | 42 | - | 45 | 53 | 47 | 62 | 62 | 61 | 69 | 69 | 71 | 78 | 76 | 72 | 72 | 77 | 78 | 76 | 78 | 75 | 73 | 77 | |
| 5. Mill (John Stuart) | 37 | 44 | 41 | 45 | - | 57 | 55 | 61 | 65 | 65 | 70 | 75 | 78 | 77 | 74 | 81 | 75 | 81 | 82 | 82 | 79 | 81 | 77 | 80 | |
| 6. Plato | 31 | 21 | 34 | 38 | 35 | - | 42 | 50 | 52 | 52 | 61 | 62 | 64 | 60 | 59 | 67 | 67 | 65 | 68 | 70 | 70 | 71 | 69 | 71 | |
| 7. Hobbes | 24 | 32 | 27 | 36 | 32 | 38 | - | 47 | 53 | 53 | 56 | 59 | 55 | 58 | 59 | 63 | 63 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 64 | 68 | 67 | 67 | |
| 8. Marx | 21 | 26 | 21 | 26 | 26 | 35 | 33 | - | 44 | 45 | 54 | 55 | 57 | 61 | 61 | 59 | 61 | 62 | 69 | 63 | 68 | 65 | 67 | 64 | |
| 9. Hume | 12 | 15 | 15 | 19 | 18 | 24 | 21 | 33 | - | 39 | 42 | 46 | 43 | 43 | 46 | 46 | 52 | 47 | 56 | 53 | 51 | 59 | 54 | 57 | |
| 10. Aquinas | 22 | 18 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 31 | 23 | 36 | 37 | - | 41 | 50 | 52 | 51 | 50 | 50 | 59 | 51 | 59 | 56 | 53 | 63 | 58 | 63 | |
| 11. Wittgenstein | 12 | 18 | 13 | 15 | 17 | 21 | 22 | 26 | 27 | 35 | - | 37 | 37 | 45 | 38 | 38 | 44 | 47 | 51 | 52 | 50 | 57 | 54 | 59 | |
| 12. Habermas | 11 | 19 | 12 | 18 | 13 | 26 | 23 | 24 | 31 | 31 | 35 | - | 38 | 37 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 48 | 47 | 51 | 50 | 53 | 51 | 51 | |
| 13. Hegel | 5 | 9 | 12 | 15 | 13 | 19 | 23 | 24 | 27 | 27 | 36 | 36 | - | 38 | 44 | 43 | 44 | 43 | 49 | 52 | 50 | 54 | 58 | 59 | |
| 14. Nozick | 11 | 12 | 9 | 7 | 9 | 24 | 23 | 22 | 25 | 29 | 28 | 36 | 36 | - | 42 | 43 | 46 | 43 | 46 | 51 | 53 | 55 | 52 | 52 | |
| 15. Foucault | 9 | 18 | 12 | 11 | 14 | 27 | 20 | 17 | 26 | 31 | 32 | 29 | 33 | 33 | - | 39 | 39 | 40 | 42 | 42 | 41 | 44 | 48 | 49 | |
| 16. Nietzsche | 12 | 8 | 13 | 19 | 9 | 17 | 18 | 21 | 24 | 28 | 31 | 33 | 30 | 32 | 32 | - | 38 | 40 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 44 | 46 | 47 | |
| 17. Dewey | 6 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 11 | 14 | 12 | 13 | 15 | 17 | 22 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 31 | 28 | - | 33 | 39 | 35 | 38 | 43 | 43 | 48 | |
| 18. Rorty | 5 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 13 | 10 | 11 | 17 | 21 | 17 | 15 | 24 | 24 | 22 | 21 | 27 | - | 31 | 27 | 28 | 36 | 31 | 40 | |
| 19. Nagel (Thomas) | 1 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 10 | 9 | 7 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 19 | 20 | 14 | 23 | 22 | 21 | 27 | - | 29 | 30 | 35 | 31 | 33 | |
| 20. Kuhn | 4 | 8 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 13 | 15 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 18 | 20 | 20 | 23 | 23 | 26 | - | 25 | 33 | 27 | 34 | |
| 21. Derrida | 5 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 6 | 14 | 19 | 14 | 16 | 20 | 16 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 25 | 22 | - | 25 | 28 | 30 | |
| 22. Quine | 1 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 7 | 4 | 7 | 2 | 12 | 9 | 12 | 17 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 18 | 13 | 25 | - | 27 | 28 | |
| 23. Gramsci | 6 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 12 | 15 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 16 | 11 | 16 | 16 | 20 | 25 | 22 | 19 | 22 | - | 26 | |
| 24. Kripke | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 8 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 12 | 5 | 11 | 13 | 11 | 8 | 8 | 18 | 12 | 16 | 16 | 17 | - |
| Aquinas | Aristotle | Derrida | Dewey | Foucault | Gramsci | Habermas | Hegel | Hobbes | Hume | Kant | Kripke | Kuhn | Locke | Marx | Mill (John Stuart) | Nagel (Thomas) | Nietzsche | Nozick | Plato | Quine | Rawls | Rorty | Wittgenstein | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | 12 | 1 | 9 | 8 | 17 | 24 | 16 | 24 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 24 | 24 | 4 | 5 | 13 | 15 | 2 | 11 | 6 | 24 | 7 | 24 | 10 |
| 2. | 5 | 3 | 10 | 8 | 9 | 24 | 11 | 14 | 20 | 5 | 1 | 20 | 21 | 15 | 5 | 12 | 13 | 17 | 6 | 18 | 7 | 2 | 19 | 4 |
| 3. | 24 | 1 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
| 4. | 10 | 6 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 3 | 24 | 24 | 9 | 24 | 4 | 24 | 1 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 5 | 24 | 8 | 24 | 24 |
| 5. | 24 | 2 | 20 | 17 | No opinion | 21 | No opinion | 24 | 24 | No opinion | 3 | No opinion | 24 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 22 | 4 | 15 | 6 | No opinion | 10 | 22 | 11 |
| 6. | 8 | 4 | 23 | 9 | 21 | No opinion | 16 | 17 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 14 | 22 | 2 | 15 | 6 | 20 | 13 | 19 | 7 | 18 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| 7. | 6 | 5 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 13 | 12 | 7 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 20 | 19 | 3 | 8 | 1 | No opinion | 14 | 24 | 2 | 24 | 16 | 17 | 18 |
| 8. | 5 | 9 | 24 | 12 | 24 | 15 | 24 | 11 | 2 | 8 | 10 | 24 | 24 | 1 | 6 | 4 | 13 | 24 | 7 | 14 | 24 | 3 | 24 | 24 |
| 9. | 4 | 4 | 20 | 10 | 20 | 20 | 15 | 10 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 20 | 18 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 15 | 10 | 15 | 4 | 18 | 10 | 20 | 10 |
| 10. | 23 | 2 | 23 | 23 | 13 | 23 | 23 | 9 | 11 | 10 | 1 | 23 | 23 | 8 | 11 | 3 | 20 | 23 | 20 | 21 | 23 | 6 | 23 | 19 |
| 11. | 11 | 11 | 1 | 15 | 5 | 24 | 15 | 15 | 11 | 5 | 5 | 24 | 24 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 24 | 5 | 24 | 1 | 15 | 11 | 1 | 15 |
| 12. | 24 | 8 | 24 | 24 | 3 | 24 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 12 | 1 | 24 | 24 | 2 | 24 | 3 | 24 | 24 | 11 | 9 | 24 | 1 | 24 | 24 |
| 13. | 23 | 13 | 15 | 7 | 10 | 18 | 9 | 19 | 12 | 17 | 2 | 24 | 22 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 20 | 16 | 11 | 1 | 21 | 6 | 14 | 8 |
| 14. | 2 | 1 | 18 | 10 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 11 | 12 | 3 | 8 | 17 | 13 | 4 | 24 | 7 | 22 | 24 | 5 | 6 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 9 |
| 15. | 24 | 1 | 24 | 1 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 2 | 24 | 3 | 24 | 2 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 4 |
| 16. | 24 | 1 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 6 | 24 | 2 | 24 | 24 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 7 | 24 | 8 | 24 | 24 |
| 17. | 17 | 6 | 16 | 18 | 7 | 15 | 5 | 11 | 4 | 19 | 1 | 21 | 22 | 8 | 12 | 2 | 20 | 23 | 9 | 13 | 24 | 3 | 10 | 14 |
| 18. | 7 | 8 | 24 | 24 | 14 | 24 | 9 | 15 | 6 | 24 | 1 | 24 | 24 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 13 | 5 | 12 | 24 | 2 | 24 | 24 |
| 19. | 2 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 3 | 24 | 3 | 24 | 1 | 24 | 1 | 24 | 24 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 1 | 24 | 1 | 24 | 2 |
| 20. | 11 | 1 | 20 | 4 | 19 | 21 | 14 | 12 | 10 | 3 | 13 | 23 | 15 | 2 | 17 | 5 | 24 | 18 | 16 | 7 | 17 | 6 | 22 | 9 |
| 21. | 10 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 5 | 6 | 2 | 24 | 24 | 8 | 3 | 7 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 9 | 24 | 1 | 24 | 24 |
| 22. | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 1 | 24 | 2 | 24 | 24 | 4 | 24 | 5 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 3 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
| 23. | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
| 24. | 1 | 4 | 11 | 7 | 12 | 17 | 16 | 15 | 2 | 14 | 5 | 13 | 18 | 3 | 19 | 6 | 20 | 23 | 21 | 22 | 10 | 8 | 24 | 9 |
| 25. | 16 | 14 | 5 | 20 | 7 | 9 | 4 | 2 | 8 | 13 | 1 | 23 | 22 | 12 | 3 | 10 | 21 | 15 | 17 | 18 | 24 | 6 | 11 | 19 |
| 26. | 18 | 8 | 17 | 24 | 12 | 23 | 7 | 14 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 22 | 19 | 1 | 10 | 3 | 15 | 21 | 11 | 13 | 16 | 4 | 9 | 20 |
| 27. | 3 | 3 | 24 | 11 | 3 | 24 | 6 | 7 | 3 | 7 | 3 | 24 | 24 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 10 | 6 | 5 | 24 | 1 | 24 | 8 |
| 28. | 6 | 2 | 19 | 16 | 13 | 17 | 19 | 11 | 3 | 10 | 5 | 19 | 18 | 9 | 8 | 12 | 19 | 14 | 19 | 7 | 15 | 4 | 19 | 1 |
| 29. | 17 | 1 | 24 | 24 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 24 | 24 | 5 | 7 | 2 | 24 | 6 | 10 | 3 | 24 | 4 | 20 | 10 |
| 30. | 24 | 3 | 24 | 5 | 24 | 24 | 1 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 6 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 4 | 7 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 2 | 24 | 24 |
| 31. | 10 | 9 | 15 | 13 | 16 | 24 | 14 | 20 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 22 | 15 | 2 | 11 | 3 | 21 | 12 | 19 | 8 | 18 | 1 | 17 | 7 |
| 32. | 10 | 9 | 24 | 7 | 5 | 24 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 24 | 24 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 3 | 24 | 24 | 1 | 24 | 8 |
| 33. | 24 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 8 | 6 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 24 | 24 | 3 | 24 | 2 | 24 | 24 | 6 | 7 | 24 | 4 | 24 | 24 |
| 34. | 24 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 1 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 3 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 2 | 24 | 24 |
| 35. | 2 | 1 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 8 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 9 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
| 36. | 15 | 1 | 14 | 17 | 10 | 23 | 24 | 9 | 11 | 7 | 6 | 18 | 16 | 4 | 8 | 3 | 19 | 12 | 22 | 5 | 20 | 2 | 21 | 13 |
| 37. | 12 | 6 | 17 | 16 | 13 | 21 | 9 | 19 | 2 | 20 | 1 | 22 | 15 | 3 | 7 | 5 | 23 | 18 | 14 | 8 | 24 | 4 | 10 | 11 |
| 38. | 24 | 24 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 6 | 24 | 1 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 7 | 8 | 10 |
| 39. | 24 | 10 | 24 | 20 | 18 | 24 | 17 | 8 | 5 | 8 | 4 | 24 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 6 | 24 | 15 | 20 | 18 | 1 | 8 | 1 |
| 40. | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 1 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
| 41. | 3 | 2 | 24 | 11 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 7 | 5 | 10 | 1 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 8 | 9 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 6 | 24 | 24 |
| 42. | 10 | 5 | 24 | 11 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 13 | 10 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 14 | 10 | 5 | 3 |
| 43. | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
| 44. | 9 | 1 | No opinion | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 2 | 4 | 10 | 24 | No opinion | 13 | 3 | 7 | 5 | No opinion | 8 | No opinion | 1 | No opinion | No opinion | No opinion | No opinion |
| 45. | 24 | 4 | 16 | 24 | 15 | 14 | 8 | 11 | 13 | 5 | 8 | 24 | 24 | 5 | 24 | 9 | 10 | 16 | 3 | 5 | 24 | 2 | 24 | 7 |
| 46. | 5 | 1 | 21 | 15 | 23 | 22 | 11 | 10 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 24 | 20 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 14 | 9 | 10 | 1 | 14 | 15 | 12 | 13 |
| 47. | 9 | 1 | 19 | 21 | 8 | 21 | 13 | 15 | 6 | 21 | 4 | 21 | 17 | 5 | 10 | 3 | 20 | 7 | 16 | 14 | 18 | 2 | 12 | 11 |
| 48. | 2 | 3 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 1 | 24 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 5 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 6 | 24 | 24 |
| 49. | 12 | 12 | 10 | 20 | 1 | 5 | 14 | 14 | 20 | 17 | 6 | 14 | 7 | 8 | 4 | 3 | 24 | 20 | 17 | 17 | 20 | 2 | 9 | 10 |
| 50. | 15 | 1 | 10 | 21 | 11 | 24 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 17 | 4 | 24 | 8 | 5 | 7 | 2 | 24 | 20 | 9 | 3 | 19 | 6 | 13 | 12 |
| 51. | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 1 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
| 52. | 24 | 24 | 24 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 24 | 24 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 24 | 24 | 8 | 1 | 24 | 8 | 24 | 24 |
| 53. | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 1 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
| 54. | 3 | 1 | No opinion | 20 | 14 | 12 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 4 | No opinion | 21 | 5 | 10 | 16 | 19 | 15 | 17 | 2 | 22 | 13 | 18 | 11 |
| 55. | 1 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 19 | 5 | 2 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 5 | 15 | 15 | 23 | 23 | 14 | 1 | 23 | 11 | 24 | 10 |
| 56. | 3 | 2 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 8 | 24 | 24 | 6 | 24 | 24 | 7 | 24 | 5 | 24 | 6 | 24 | 4 | 24 | 1 | 24 | 24 |
| 57. | 24 | 4 | 22 | 19 | 9 | 15 | 13 | 6 | 11 | 8 | 1 | 21 | 17 | 5 | 3 | 10 | 16 | 12 | 7 | 4 | 20 | 2 | 18 | 14 |
| 58. | 3 | 3 | 10 | 23 | 12 | No opinion | 9 | 20 | 21 | 1 | 15 | No opinion | 12 | 1 | 24 | 1 | No opinion | 13 | 1 | 3 | 12 | 14 | 4 | 1 |
| 59. | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
| 60. | No opinion | 1 | 8 | No opinion | 9 | No opinion | 3 | No opinion | No opinion | No opinion | 3 | No opinion | 10 | 6 | No opinion | 7 | No opinion | 11 | 5 | 2 | No opinion | 4 | No opinion | No opinion |
| 61. | 3 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 5 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 5 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 1 | 24 | 24 | 6 | 24 | 24 | 2 | 24 | 3 |
| 62. | 10 | 2 | 13 | 21 | 1 | 23 | 14 | 16 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 20 | 19 | 3 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 4 | 17 | 6 | 22 | 7 | 18 | 15 |
| 63. | 18 | 1 | 18 | 15 | 13 | 18 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 7 | 4 | 18 | 18 | 5 | 9 | 2 | 16 | 11 | 6 | 8 | 18 | 3 | 18 | 17 |
| 64. | 2 | 3 | 24 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 8 | 1 | 9 | 2 | 24 | 24 | 1 | 7 | 5 | 24 | 24 | 10 | 6 | 24 | 2 | 24 | 24 |
| 65. | 11 | 8 | 24 | 12 | 23 | 18 | 20 | 13 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 14 | 10 | 1 | 9 | 2 | 12 | 13 | 6 | 9 | 13 | 4 | 13 | 5 |
| 66. | 6 | 10 | 12 | No opinion | 8 | No opinion | 1 | 13 | 5 | No opinion | 3 | No opinion | No opinion | 2 | 11 | 14 | No opinion | 15 | No opinion | 9 | No opinion | 4 | No opinion | 7 |
| 67. | 11 | 6 | 24 | 19 | 10 | 17 | 12 | 8 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 22 | 23 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 18 | 13 | 20 | 16 | 21 | 2 | 15 | 14 |
| 68. | 24 | 5 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 2 | 24 | 24 | 4 | 24 | 3 | 6 | 24 | 6 | 1 | 24 | 5 | 24 | 24 |
| 69. | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 1 | 24 | 4 | 6 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 5 | 24 | 24 |
| 70. | 16 | 3 | 9 | 17 | 7 | No opinion | 10 | 8 | 5 | 9 | 2 | No opinion | No opinion | 4 | 5 | 6 | No opinion | 6 | 13 | 1 | No opinion | 13 | 15 | 10 |
| 71. | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 1 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 1 | 24 | 24 | 1 | 24 | 1 | 24 | 24 | 2 | 24 | 24 | 2 | 24 | 24 |
| 72. | 3 | 1 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 5 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 6 | 24 | 24 | 4 | 24 | 2 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
| 73. | 6 | 7 | 21 | 15 | 24 | 3 | 18 | 23 | 8 | 9 | 4 | 2 | 19 | 13 | 14 | 5 | 16 | 17 | 12 | 11 | 20 | 10 | 22 | 1 |
| 74. | 1 | 3 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 11 | 2 | 8 | 4 | 14 | 24 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 5 | 12 | 13 | 24 | 10 |
| 75. | 24 | 10 | 24 | 5 | 6 | 24 | 7 | 9 | 3 | 8 | 2 | 24 | 5 | 2 | 9 | 2 | 24 | 5 | 24 | 1 | 23 | 4 | 5 | 23 |
| 76. | 23 | 2 | 20 | 14 | 10 | 22 | 6 | 5 | 9 | 12 | 4 | 24 | 17 | 3 | 15 | 1 | 21 | 10 | 19 | 13 | 22 | 7 | 16 | 8 |
| 77. | 8 | 5 | 10 | 9 | 4 | 16 | 1 | 6 | 12 | 19 | 13 | 20 | 21 | 2 | 7 | 11 | 22 | 15 | 24 | 17 | 23 | 3 | 14 | 18 |
| 78. | No opinion | 1 | 15 | No opinion | 8 | No opinion | 20 | 9 | 3 | 5 | 6 | No opinion | No opinion | 4 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 2 | 16 | 2 | No opinion | 5 | No opinion | 11 |
| 79. | 2 | 1 | 24 | No opinion | 24 | 24 | 8 | 7 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 5 | No opinion | 2 | 8 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 3 | No opinion | 3 |
| 80. | 11 | 6 | No opinion | 16 | 18 | 24 | 9 | 14 | 4 | 10 | 3 | 24 | 15 | 2 | 8 | 7 | 13 | 24 | 12 | 5 | 24 | 1 | 17 | 19 |
| 81. | 2 | 1 | 22 | 13 | 23 | 24 | 8 | 17 | 6 | 16 | 9 | 19 | 11 | 5 | 15 | 3 | 21 | 20 | 18 | 4 | 12 | 7 | 14 | 10 |
| 82. | 14 | 6 | 20 | 18 | 19 | 24 | 11 | 8 | 10 | 13 | 1 | 24 | 15 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 24 | 12 | 9 | 4 | 24 | 2 | 17 | 16 |
| 83. | 6 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 3 | 24 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 1 | 24 | 5 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 2 | 24 | 24 |
| 84. | 1 | 3 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 5 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 4 | 24 | 2 | 24 | 24 |
| 85. | 3 | 4 | 24 | 6 | 24 | 24 | 10 | 2 | 8 | 24 | 1 | 24 | 24 | 7 | 11 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 5 | 24 | 9 | 24 | 11 |
| 86. | 16 | 14 | 9 | 17 | 13 | 23 | 12 | 19 | 11 | 24 | 10 | 21 | 15 | 7 | 8 | 3 | 22 | 6 | 5 | 20 | 18 | 1 | 4 | 2 |
| 87. | 4 | 24 | 24 | 5 | 24 | 24 | 11 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 9 | 13 | 2 | 24 | 24 | 9 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 1 | 24 |
| 88. | 14 | 4 | 15 | 13 | 18 | 23 | 12 | 19 | 11 | 9 | 7 | 24 | 8 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 16 | 20 | 6 | 10 | 22 | 5 | 17 | 21 |
| 89. | 16 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 11 | 24 | 15 | 7 | 1 | 14 | 2 | 24 | 24 | 6 | 10 | 5 | 24 | 9 | 12 | 13 | 24 | 3 | 17 | 8 |
| 90. | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 1 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
| 91. | 2 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 5 | 24 | 24 | 12 | 24 | 8 | 6 | 24 | 6 | 3 | 24 | 1 | 24 | 9 |
| 92. | 20 | 18 | 11 | 14 | 12 | 7 | 4 | 10 | 5 | 9 | 6 | 21 | 15 | 17 | 1 | 16 | 22 | 2 | 23 | 19 | 24 | 3 | 8 | 13 |
| 93. | 10 | 1 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 11 | 8 | 6 | 3 | 13 | 14 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 14 | 6 | 13 | 2 | 11 | 12 | 16 | 4 |
| 94. | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
| 95. | 20 | 15 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 14 | 19 | 3 | 24 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 1 | 21 | 16 | 22 | 10 | 23 | 2 | 18 | 17 |
| 96. | 1 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
| 97. | 24 | 5 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 2 | 24 | 3 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 1 | 24 | 24 |
| 98. | 24 | 3 | 24 | 24 | 7 | 24 | 24 | 8 | 24 | 5 | 1 | 9 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 2 | 11 | 6 | 4 | 10 | 24 | 24 | 12 |
| 99. | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 1 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
| 100. | 1 | 7 | 21 | 23 | 11 | 18 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 15 | 3 | 24 | 19 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 20 | 14 | 13 | 16 | 22 | 5 | 12 | 17 |
| 101. | 24 | 1 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
| 102. | 24 | 5 | 12 | 24 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 13 | 10 | 24 | 11 | 24 | 14 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 9 | 24 | 8 | 24 | 24 |
| 103. | 1 | 1 | 24 | No opinion | 24 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | No opinion | 24 | 24 | 1 | 10 | 1 | 11 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 5 | 1 |
| 104. | 8 | 7 | 17 | 18 | 21 | 22 | 15 | 19 | 4 | 9 | 3 | 23 | 24 | 6 | 11 | 1 | 14 | 12 | 10 | 2 | 20 | 5 | 16 | 13 |
| 105. | 13 | 3 | 24 | 15 | 21 | 18 | 8 | 16 | 11 | 9 | 2 | 18 | 17 | 5 | 10 | 7 | 22 | 23 | 14 | 4 | 19 | 6 | 12 | 1 |
| 106. | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 2 | 3 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 1 | 24 | 24 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
Ballots are shown in a randomly generated order.
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The following matrix shows the strength of the strongest beatpath connecting each pair of choices. Choice 1 is ranked above choice 2 if there is a stronger beatpath leading from 1 to 2 than any leading from 2 to 1.
| 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | 7. | 8. | 9. | 10. | 11. | 12. | 13. | 14. | 15. | 16. | 17. | 18. | 19. | 20. | 21. | 22. | 23. | 24. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Kant | - | 49–40 | 48–37 | 49–36 | 49–40 | 56–31 | 57–24 | 66–21 | 66–12 | 64–22 | 70–12 | 71–11 | 79–5 | 74–11 | 74–9 | 73–12 | 74–6 | 76–5 | 75–1 | 75–4 | 77–5 | 75–1 | 73–6 | 74–2 | |
| 2. Aristotle | . | - | 48–46 | 47–42 | 50–44 | 65–21 | 54–32 | 65–26 | 66–15 | 65–18 | 68–18 | 72–19 | 78–9 | 75–12 | 70–18 | 79–8 | 75–9 | 73–9 | 75–5 | 76–8 | 77–7 | 79–1 | 74–10 | 77–2 | |
| 3. Locke | . | 45–44 | - | 47–42 | 45–44 | 52–34 | 53–27 | 64–21 | 63–15 | 62–23 | 69–13 | 72–12 | 73–12 | 72–9 | 74–12 | 75–13 | 73–9 | 72–6 | 73–5 | 75–5 | 74–5 | 75–3 | 72–8 | 73–3 | |
| 4. Rawls | . | 45–44 | 45–44 | - | 45–44 | 53–38 | 47–36 | 62–26 | 62–19 | 61–24 | 69–15 | 69–18 | 71–15 | 78–7 | 76–11 | 72–19 | 72–9 | 77–6 | 78–4 | 76–4 | 78–6 | 75–7 | 73–8 | 77–3 | |
| 5. Mill (John Stuart) | . | . | . | . | - | 57–35 | 55–32 | 61–26 | 65–18 | 65–25 | 70–17 | 75–13 | 78–13 | 77–9 | 74–14 | 81–9 | 75–11 | 81–4 | 82–2 | 82–3 | 79–8 | 81–2 | 77–8 | 80–2 | |
| 6. Plato | . | . | . | . | . | - | 42–38 | 50–35 | 52–24 | 52–31 | 61–21 | 62–26 | 64–19 | 60–24 | 59–27 | 67–17 | 67–14 | 65–13 | 68–10 | 70–9 | 70–9 | 71–4 | 69–10 | 71–3 | |
| 7. Hobbes | . | . | . | . | . | . | - | 47–33 | 53–21 | 53–23 | 56–22 | 59–23 | 55–23 | 58–23 | 59–20 | 63–18 | 63–12 | 65–10 | 65–9 | 65–8 | 64–11 | 68–3 | 67–8 | 67–3 | |
| 8. Marx | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | - | 44–33 | 45–36 | 54–26 | 55–24 | 57–24 | 61–22 | 61–17 | 59–21 | 61–13 | 62–11 | 69–7 | 63–9 | 68–6 | 65–7 | 67–6 | 64–8 | |
| 9. Hume | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | - | 39–37 | 42–27 | 46–31 | 43–27 | 43–25 | 46–26 | 46–24 | 52–15 | 47–17 | 56–10 | 53–13 | 51–14 | 59–4 | 54–12 | 57–5 | |
| 10. Aquinas | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | - | 41–35 | 50–31 | 52–27 | 51–29 | 50–31 | 50–28 | 59–17 | 51–21 | 59–13 | 56–15 | 53–19 | 63–7 | 58–15 | 63–4 | |
| 11. Wittgenstein | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | - | 37–35 | 37–35 | 45–28 | 42–33 | 43–32 | 45–28 | 47–17 | 51–14 | 52–11 | 50–14 | 57–2 | 54–11 | 59–2 | |
| 12. Habermas | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | - | 38–36 | 38–36 | 42–29 | 42–33 | 42–24 | 48–15 | 47–19 | 51–13 | 50–16 | 53–12 | 51–10 | 51–12 | |
| 13. Hegel | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | - | 38–36 | 44–33 | 43–30 | 44–25 | 43–24 | 49–20 | 52–15 | 50–20 | 54–9 | 58–10 | 59–5 | |
| 14. Nozick | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | - | 42–33 | 43–32 | 46–26 | 43–24 | 46–14 | 51–18 | 53–16 | 55–12 | 52–16 | 52–11 | |
| 15. Foucault | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | - | 39–32 | 39–31 | 40–22 | 42–23 | 42–20 | 41–20 | 44–17 | 48–11 | 49–13 | |
| 16. Nietzsche | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | - | 38–28 | 40–21 | 42–22 | 43–20 | 44–20 | 44–13 | 46–16 | 47–11 | |
| 17. Dewey | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | - | 33–27 | 39–21 | 35–23 | 38–20 | 43–13 | 43–16 | 48–8 | |
| 18. Rorty | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | - | 31–27 | 29–26 | 30–25 | 36–14 | 31–20 | 40–8 | |
| 19. Nagel (Thomas) | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | - | 29–26 | 30–25 | 35–18 | 31–25 | 33–18 | |
| 20. Kuhn | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | - | 25–22 | 33–13 | 27–22 | 34–12 | |
| 21. Derrida | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | - | . | 28–19 | 30–16 | |
| 22. Quine | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | - | 27–22 | 28–16 | |
| 23. Gramsci | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | - | 26–17 | |
| 24. Kripke | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | - |