Instructions for defining and identifying "factoid" and "opinionoid" questions and answers: short-answer questions that are answered explicitly in a text. November 2002 ***************************************************************************** 1. INTRODUCTION Today's search systems take a question and return a list of documents likely to contain an answer to the question. The user of the system must then read the documents to find the desired answer within them, if it's there. This can be a very tedious, time-consuming, and frustrating process. It would be better if the system returned smaller pieces of text - a few words or a sentence believed to contain the answer. Then the user would have less reading to do in order to see if any of the pieces contained an answer. Such improved systems exist today in experimental versions, for certain types of questions ("factoids"). In order to know how good a job such improved search systems are doing we need to judge whether, given a question, these systems return pieces of text that are responsive to the question (i.e., you can recognize the answer in the piece). Your task will be to provide a set of questions and answers, that we will use to both evaluate how well current experimental systems can answer factoid questions, and to extend the state-of-the-art so that such systems can also handle a new type of question ("opinionoids"). ***************************************************************************** 2. FACTOID QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS a. WRITING THE QUESTIONS The "factoid" questions that we would like you to write are fact-based, short-answer questions such as "How many calories are there in a Big Mac?" Thus, factoid questions should have some definite answer (typically a noun phrase as opposed to a procedural answer). We also request that your questions do not require a compound answer (e.g., a list of items). Try not to have your question be an extremely contrived back-formulation of a statement in the document. Appendices I and II contain example questions that have been used in previous evaluations of experimental (factoid) question-answering systems. b. IDENTIFYING THE ANSWERS For each of the questions that you have defined above, you also need to provide a set of "answer strings". For our purposes, an answer string is a piece of text from a document that contains some words that answer the question. Each answer string MUST be wholly contained in a single sentence. In other words, the answer string should appear explicitly in the text, contained within a single sentence. Note that explicit means that the answer string need not contain the same words as used in the question, but that you should not need to bring in extra background knowledge to interpret the string as an answer. There should be at least one document in your collection that contains an answer to your question. To identify the answers for your questions, please execute the following procedure, for EACH question: 1. Read your question carefully. 2. Find all the answer strings by skimming through a subset of the documents that you have been given (we will contact you directly on this, to tell you which subset in particular), and identifying each piece of text ("the answer string") that contains a valid answer to the question. The answer string does not need to contain justification for the answer (although it optionally can). The answer string can be part of a single sentence; furthermore, it can be grammatically incorrect and might even contain word fragments. However, the answer string can NOT be longer than a whole sentence. In some cases, the context (i.e. sentence) in which a (proposed) answer string occurs interferes with recognizing the answer. In these cases, you should decide if the interference is severe enough to omit the string from consideration as an answer string. You should construct your answer strings such that if the answer string were returned alone to a trustful user of a question-answering system, the user would be able to get the correct answer to the question. There should be no need for the system to provide justification in its answer string. Some Special Cases to Note Note that if an answer string can only be inferred after pronoun resolution across sentences, then it technically does not count as an answer using the above definitions. For example, imagine trying to answer the question "What is the name of our national library?" given a document that contains the sentences "But the Library of Congress was built for all the people. From the start, it was our national library." Although the correct answer to the question is "Library of Congress", returning only one of the 2 sentences is insufficient by itself to answer the question. This is because the pronoun "it" must be resolved across these sentences to determine the correct answer. For the purposes of this study, we will allow you to include some answer strings that contain pronouns, as long as you also include a significant number of answer strings that do not require this type of inference. In contrast, when candidate answer strings to factoid questions appear in subjective contexts (e.g., opinions), then such strings should NOT be returned as answers. For example, consider the question "What is the capital of New Jersey?" If the document only contains the sentence "John thinks that Trenton is New Jersey's capital", this sentence does not answer the question. However, if the document instead said "Trenton is the capital of New Jersey", then this sentence, in particular "Trenton", would indeed be the correct answer string for the question. Other Notes - For a single question, it is possible that there may be more than one answer string in your document collection. - Construct your answers with respect to the context of each document. Thus, even if a document gives an answer that you believe is wrong, create your answer based on what the document says. - You may decide that it is reasonable to provide a "partial" answer, e.g., accepting a last name as an acceptable answer for a "who" question. See Appendices I and III for example answers (to the factoid questions in Appendices I and II) that have been used in previous evaluations of experimental question-answering systems. ***************************************************************************** 3. OPINIONOID QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS In contrast to factoid questions, the answers to opinionoid questions involve opinions, evaluations, judgments, emotions, sentiments, or speculations (the general term is "private state"). Since answering opinionoid questions automatically has never been attempted before, we do not want to be overly ambitious . We want to target the clearest cases first. For example, consider the following sentence from Pravda. "Vadim Orlav told Ulyanovsk journalists that the referendum was celebrated by the people in Iraq with festivals, concerts, shows, singing, and dancing". We could consider this sentence to be answers to questions such as, "How do the Iraqi people feel about the referendum?" "Who is positive toward the referendum?" For question 1, the answer string could even be as small as "the referendum was celebrated by the people in Iraq", while for question 2 the answer string could be as small as "the people in Iraq". Note that as with factoid questions, the answer string for an opinionoid question should appear explicitly in the text, contained within a single sentence. However, some answer strings to opinion-oriented questions might require some (limited) amount of inference to recognize them as an answer. For example, recognizing that "the referendum was celebrated by the people in Iraq" answers question 1 above requires a small amount of inference, e.g., recognizing that celebrated is a positive feeling. The question need not specify whose private state is being presented, just as long as a human could determine that by looking at the sentence. For example, answers 1-3 are fine answers to the given question: question: "Was the referendum conducted properly?" answer 1: "The Major-General advised that the referendum was organized very well" (Opinion of the Major-General, according to the writer). answer 2: "The referendum was organized very well" (Opinion of the writer) answer 3: ``The referendum was like a smooth-running machine,'' said the Major-General. And again, as with factoids, it's fine if there are multiple different answers to a question (in a single text or across a set of texts). How specific should the questions be? The automatic system will sometimes be tested on different documents than the ones given to you to develop the questions; however, the documents provided to the automatic system will be on the same general topic and from the same period of time. We want questions that are general enough to apply to more than one document on the topic, i.e. the questions shouldn't be too specific, asking for details not likely to appear in other documents. In general, we would like your question to be phrased as something that you might have asked, if you hadn't seen the document first. Here are some suggestions on how to make it easier to do this. Once you have a question, make sure that you can find answers to the same question in other documents on the same topic. If there are no answers in other documents, think about how your question could be rephrased to have multiple answers. Questions satisfying this constraint should be less likely to be "back-formulations" of specific sentences. Or conversely, try looking at at least two documents while you are developing your questions to begin with. Another general guideline is to phrase your questions in such a way that you could imagine someone else having asked such questions, without having seen the document/answers in advance. One thing we are NOT targeting with the opinionoid questions are situations in which people have different factual beliefs. Suppose that Text A objectively states that there are 100,000 troops in Chechnya, and Text B objectively states that there are 50,000 troops in Chechnya, and you believe there are 10,000 troops in Chechnya. This does not make ``How many troops are there in Chechnya?" an opinionoid question. If the only reason you think of something as an opinion is because it contrasts with a conflicting fact in another text (or in your own mind), then that is not the type of opinion we are targeting. (Note that "How many troops are there is Chechnya?" is a good factoid question, which in the above scenario has two different answers, 100,000 from Text A and 50,000 from Text B). ***************************************************************************** APPENDIX I. The TREC-8 development set of questions with answers What date in 1989 did East Germany open the Berlin Wall? Nov 9 Who was Johnny Mathis' high school track coach? Lou Vasquez What is the shape of a porpoises' tooth? spade-shaped What is the number of buffaloes thought to have been living in North America whe n Columbus landed in 1492? 60 million The Faroes are a part of what northern European country? Denmark The symptoms of Parkinson's disease are linked to the demise of cells in what ar ea of the brain? substantia nigra What was the date of the Chelsea flower show in 1992? May 18 What hotel was used for a setting of the Agatha Christie novel, "And Then There Were None"? Burgh Island Hotel What year was the Magna Carta signed? 1215 Who was Lincoln's Secretary of State? William Seward How long does it take to fly from Paris to New York in a Concorde? 3 1/2 hours How many lives were lost in the Pan Am crash in Lockerbie, Scotland? 270 What is the world's population? 5.4bn 5.48bn 5.7bn Which country has the largest part of the Amazon rain forest? Brazil Which atlantic hurricane had the highest recorded wind speeds? Gilbert How long does it take to travel from London to Paris via the Chunnel? three hours 3 hours 45 minutes Who created the board game Pictionary? Robert Angel How long is the Appalachian Trail? 2,167 miles 2,100 miles What was Malcolm X's original surname? Little What is the world record time for running one mile while juggling? 4 minutes, 43 seconds What is the capital of the United States? Washington How tall is the Statue of Liberty? 92m What is the capital of Uganda? Kampala What is the capital of Wisconsin? Madison What is the capital of Michigan? Lansing Where is Bolivia? South America Where is Chicago? Illinois What two companies produce bovine somatotrophin? Monsanto and Eli Lilley Who was the first person to set foot on the moon? Neil Armstrong When were the first free elections held in the new Republic of Hungary? Sunday, 25 March 1990 What is the date of the official opening of the channel tunnel between the U.K. and France? May 6, 1994 When did Nelson Mandela become President of South Africa? 10 May 1994 Who was President of Turkmenistan in 1994? Saparmurad Niyazov Who is the composer of Eugene Onegin? Tchaikovsky When will the Voyagers lose contact with Earth? about 2015 or 2020 What is the name of the foreign marine pest infesting the Great Lakes and associ ated waterways since 1986? Zebra Mussel Who is the CEO of General Electric? John F. Welch Jr. How tall is the Eiffel Tower? 1,000-foot-high ***************************************************************************** APPENDIX II. The TREC-8 200 test questions Number: 1 Who is the author of the book, "The Iron Lady: A Biography of Margaret Thatcher" ? Number: 2 What was the monetary value of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989? Number: 3 What does the Peugeot company manufacture? Number: 4 How much did Mercury spend on advertising in 1993? Number: 5 What is the name of the managing director of Apricot Computer? Number: 6 Why did David Koresh ask the FBI for a word processor? Number: 7 What debts did Qintex group leave? Number: 8 What is the name of the rare neurological disease with symptoms such as: involun tary movements (tics), swearing, and incoherent vocalizations (grunts, shouts, e tc.)? Number: 9 How far is Yaroslavl from Moscow? Number: 10 Name the designer of the shoe that spawned millions of plastic imitations, known as "jellies". Number: 11 Who was President Cleveland's wife? Number: 12 How much did Manchester United spend on players in 1993? Number: 13 How much could you rent a Volkswagen bug for in 1966? Number: 14 What country is the biggest producer of tungsten? Number: 15 When was London's Docklands Light Railway constructed? Number: 16 What two US biochemists won the Nobel Prize in medicine in 1992? Number: 17 How long did the Charles Manson murder trial last? Number: 18 Who was the first Taiwanese President? Number: 19 Who was the leader of the Branch Davidian Cult confronted by the FBI in Waco, Te xas in 1993? Number: 20 Where is Inoco based? Number: 21 Who was the first American in space? Number: 22 When did the Jurassic Period end? Number: 23 When did Spain and Korea start ambassadorial relations? Number: 24 When did Nixon visit China? Number: 25 Who was the lead actress in the movie "Sleepless in Seattle"? Number: 26 What is the name of the "female" counterpart to El Nino, which results in coolin g temperatures and very dry weather? Number: 27 Where did the 6th annual meeting of Indonesia-Malaysia forest experts take place ? Number: 28 Who may be best known for breaking the color line in baseball? Number: 29 What is the brightest star visible from Earth? Number: 30 What are the Valdez Principles? Number: 31 Where was Ulysses S. Grant born? Number: 32 Who received the Will Rogers Award in 1989? Number: 33 What is the largest city in Germany? Number: 34 Where is the actress, Marion Davies, buried? Number: 35 What is the name of the highest mountain in Africa? Number: 36 In 1990, what day of the week did Christmas fall on? Number: 37 What was the name of the US helicopter pilot shot down over North Korea? Number: 38 Where was George Washington born? Number: 39 Who was chosen to be the first black chairman of the military Joint Chiefs of St aff? Number: 40 Who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991? Number: 41 What is the legal blood alcohol limit for the state of California? Number: 42 What was the target rate for M3 growth in 1992? Number: 43 What costume designer decided that Michael Jackson should only wear one glove? Number: 44 Who is the director of the international group called the Human Genome Organizat ion (HUGO) that is trying to coordinate gene-mapping research worldwide? Number: 45 When did Lucelly Garcia, a former ambassador of Columbia to Honduras, die? Number: 46 Who is the mayor of Marbella? Number: 47 What company is the largest Japanese ship builder? Number: 48 Where is the massive North Korean nuclear complex located? Number: 49 Who fired Maria Ybarra from her position in San Diego council? Number: 50 When was Dubai's first concrete house built? Number: 51 Who is the president of Stanford University? Number: 52 Who invented the road traffic cone? Number: 53 Who was the first doctor to successfully transplant a liver? Number: 54 When did Nixon die? Number: 55 Where is Microsoft's corporate headquarters located? Number: 56 How many calories are there in a Big Mac? Number: 57 What is the acronym for the rating system for air conditioner efficiency? Number: 58 Name a film that has won the Golden Bear in the Berlin Film Festival? Number: 59 Who was President of Costa Rica in 1994? Number: 60 What is the fare cost for the round trip between New York and London on Concorde ? Number: 61 What brand of white rum is still made in Cuba? Number: 62 What is the name of the chronic neurological autoimmune disease which attacks th e protein sheath that surrounds nerve cells causing a gradual loss of movement i n the body? Number: 63 What nuclear-powered Russian submarine sank in the Norwegian Sea on April 7, 198 9? Number: 64 Who is the voice of Miss Piggy? Number: 65 Name a country that is developing a magnetic levitation railway system? Number: 66 Name the first private citizen to fly in space. Number: 67 What is the longest river in the United States? Number: 68 What does El Nino mean in spanish? Number: 69 Who came up with the name, El Nino? Number: 70 How many lives were lost in the China Airlines' crash in Nagoya, Japan? Number: 71 In what year did Joe DiMaggio compile his 56-game hitting streak? Number: 72 When did the original Howdy Doody show go off the air? Number: 73 Where is the Taj Mahal? Number: 74 Who leads the star ship Enterprise in Star Trek? Number: 75 What cancer is commonly associated with AIDS? Number: 76 In which year was New Zealand excluded from the ANZUS alliance? Number: 77 Who played the part of the Godfather in the movie, "The Godfather"? Number: 78 Which large U.S. city had the highest murder rate for 1988? Number: 79 What did Shostakovich write for Rostropovich? Number: 80 What is the name of the promising anticancer compound derived from the pacific y ew tree? Number: 81 How many inhabitants live in the town of Ushuaia? Number: 82 How many consecutive baseball games did Lou Gehrig play? Number: 83 What is the tallest building in Japan? Number: 84 Which country is Australia's largest export market? Number: 85 Which former Ku Klux Klan member won an elected office in the U.S.? Number: 86 Who won two gold medals in skiing in the Olympic Games in Calgary? Number: 87 Who followed Willy Brandt as chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany? Number: 88 What is Grenada's main commodity export? Number: 89 Number: 90 Who is the founder of Scientology? Number: 91 Which city in China has the largest number of foreign financial companies? Number: 92 Who released the Internet worm in the late 1980s? Number: 93 Who first circumnavigated the globe? Number: 94 Who wrote the song, "Stardust"? Number: 95 What country is the worlds leading supplier of cannabis? Number: 96 What time of day did Emperor Hirohito die? Number: 97 How large is the Arctic refuge to preserve unique wildlife and wilderness value on Alaska's north coast? Number: 98 Where is the highest point in Japan? Number: 99 What is the term for the sum of all genetic material in a given organism? Number: 100 What is considered the costliest disaster the insurance industry has ever faced? Number: 101 How many people live in the Falklands? Number: 102 Who is the Voyager project manager? Number: 103 How many people died when the Estonia sank in 1994? Number: 104 What language is most commonly used in Bombay? Number: 105 How many people does Honda employ in the U.S.? Number: 106 What is the second highest mountain peak in the world? Number: 107 When was China's first nuclear test? Number: 108 Which company created the Internet browser Mosaic? Number: 109 Where does Buzz Aldrin want to build a permanent, manned space station? Number: 110 Who killed Lee Harvey Oswald? Number: 111 How long does it take to travel from Tokyo to Niigata? Number: 112 Who is the President of Ghana? Number: 113 What is the name of the medical condition in which a baby is born without a brai n? Number: 114 How much stronger is the new vitreous carbon material invented by the Tokyo Inst itute of Technology compared with the material made from cellulose? Number: 115 What is Head Start? Number: 116 Which team won the Super Bowl in 1968? Number: 117 What two researchers discovered the double-helix structure of DNA in 1953? Number: 118 What percentage of the world's plant and animal species can be found in the Amaz on forests? Number: 119 What Nobel laureate was expelled from the Philippines before the conference on E ast Timor? Number: 120 Who held the endurance record for women pilots in 1929? Number: 121 Who won the first general election for President held in Malawi in May 1994? Number: 122 Who is section manager for guidance and control systems at JPL? Number: 123 How many Vietnamese were there in the Soviet Union? Number: 124 What was Agent Orange used for during the Vietnam War? Number: 125 In what city is the US Declaration of Independence located? Number: 126 When did Israel begin turning the Gaza Strip and Jericho over to the PLO? Number: 127 Which city has the oldest relationship as a sister-city with Los Angeles? Number: 128 Who was the second man to walk on the moon? Number: 129 How many times was pitcher, Warren Spahn, a 20-game winner in his 21 major leagu e seasons? Number: 130 When was Yemen reunified? Number: 131 Which Japanese car maker had its biggest percentage of sale in the domestic mark et? Number: 132 What is the capital of Uruguay? Number: 133 What is the name for the technique of growing certain plants in soils contaminat ed with toxic metals, wherein the plants take up the toxic metals, are harvested , and the metals recovered for recycling? Number: 134 Where is it planned to berth the merchant ship, Lane Victory, which Merchant Mar ine veterans are converting into a floating museum? Number: 135 What famous communist leader died in Mexico City? Number: 136 Who is the Queen of Holland? Number: 137 Who is the president of the Spanish government? Number: 138 What is the name of the normal process in all living things, including humans, i n which cells are programmed to "commit suicide"? Number: 139 How many people did the United Nations commit to help restore order and distribu te humanitarian relief in Somalia in September 1992? Number: 140 How many people on the ground were killed from the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, December 21, 1988? Number: 141 What is the duration of the trip from Bristol to London by rail? Number: 142 What is the population of Ulan Bator, capital of Mongolia? Number: 143 Where does most of the marijuana entering the United States come from? Number: 144 How many megawatts will the power project in Indonesia, built by a consortium he aded by Mission Energy of US, produce? Number: 145 What did John Hinckley do to impress Jodie Foster? Number: 146 In what year did Ireland elect its first woman president? Number: 147 Who is the prime minister of Japan? Number: 148 How many soldiers were involved in the last Panama invasion by the United States of America? Number: 149 Where is the Bulls basketball team based? Number: 150 What is the length of border between the Ukraine and Russia? Number: 151 Where did Dylan Thomas die? Number: 152 How many people live in Tokyo? Number: 153 What is the capital of California? Number: 154 How many Grand Slam titles did Bjorn Borg win? Number: 155 Who was the Democratic nominee in the American presidential election? Number: 156 When was General Manuel Noriega ousted as the leader of Panama and turned over t o U.S. authorities? Number: 157 Where is Dartmouth College? Number: 158 How many mines can still be found in the Falklands after the war ended? Number: 159 Why are electric cars less efficient in the north-east than in California? Number: 160 When did French revolutionaries storm the Bastille? Number: 161 How rich is Bill Gates? Number: 162 What is the capital of Kosovo? Number: 163 What state does Charles Robb represent? Number: 164 Who is the leading competitor of Trans Union Company? Number: 165 Which type of submarine was bought recently by South Korea? Number: 166 When did communist control end in Hungary? Number: 167 What nationality is Pope John Paul II? Number: 168 Who was the captain of the tanker, Exxon Valdez, involved in the oil spill in Pr ince William Sound, Alaska, 1989? Number: 169 Whom did the Chicago Bulls beat in the 1993 championship? Number: 170 Who was President of Afghanistan in 1994? Number: 171 Who is the director of intergovernmental affairs for the San Diego county? Number: 172 Where is the Keck telescope? Number: 173 How many moons does Jupiter have? Number: 174 When did Jaco Pastorius die? Number: 175 When did beethoven die? Number: 176 How many people in Tucson? Number: 177 How tall is Mt. Everest? Number: 178 What is the capital of Congo? Number: 179 What is the capital of Italy? Number: 180 What is the capital of Sri Lanka? Number: 181 What novel inspired the movie BladeRunner? Number: 182 What was the first Gilbert and Sullivan opera? Number: 183 What was the name of the computer in "2001: A Space Odyssey"? Number: 184 When was Queen Victoria born? Number: 185 When was the battle of the Somme fought? Number: 186 Where did the Battle of the Bulge take place? Number: 187 Where was Lincoln assassinated? Number: 188 When was the women's suffrage amendment ratified? Number: 189 Where is Qatar? Number: 190 Where is South Bend? Number: 191 Where was Harry Truman born? Number: 192 Who was Secretary of State during the Nixon administration? Number: 193 Who was the 16th President of the United States? Number: 194 Who wrote "The Pines of Rome"? Number: 195 Who wrote "Dubliners"? Number: 196 Who wrote "Hamlet"? Number: 197 What did Richard Feynman say upon hearing he would receive the Nobel Prize in Ph ysics? Number: 198 How did Socrates die? Number: 199 How tall is the Matterhorn? Number: 200 How tall is the replica of the Matterhorn at Disneyland? ***************************************************************************** APPENDIX III. An example answer for each TREC-8 test question 1 Hugo Young 2 $469,000 3 cars 4 Pounds 12m 5 Peter Horne 6 To record his revelations 7 ADollars 1.5bn. 8 Tourette's Syndrome 9 150 miles 10 Andrea Pfister 11 Frances Folsom 12 Pounds 4m. 13 $1 a day 14 China 15 1980s 16 Edwin Krebs Edmond Fischer 17 9 1/2-month 18 Lee Teng-Hui 19 Mr. David Koresh 20 Norwich 21 Alan Shepard 22 130 million years ago 23 1950 24 February, 1972 25 Meg Ryan 26 La Nina 27 Surabaya 28 Jackie Robinson 29 Sirius 30 10 point environmental agenda 31 Point Pleasant, Ohio 32 Frank Sinatra 32 Frank Kudos 33 Berlin 34 Hollywood Memorial Park 35 Kilimanjaro 36 Tuesday 37 Bobby Hall 38 Westmoreland County 39 Army Gen. Colin Powell 40 Aung San Suu Kyi 41 0.08% 42 3.5 to 5.5 per cent 43 Bill Whitten 44 Victor McKusick 45 10 Feb 1994 46 Jesus Gil y Gil 47 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) 48 Yongbyun 48 90 km north of Pyongyang 49 Bruce Henderson 50 1956 51 Donald Kennedy 52 David Morgan 53 Dr. Thomas Starzl 54 April 22, 1994 55 Redmond, Wash 56 562 57 SEER 58 In The Name Of The Father 59 Rafael Angel Calderon 60 $6,400 61 Havana Club 62 Multiple Sclerosis 63 Komsomlets 64 Frank Oz 65 Japan 65 Germany 66 Christa McAuliffe 67 the Mississippi 68 boy child 69 Peruvian fishermen 70 264 71 1941 72 1960 73 Agra 74 Captain Kirk 75 Kaposi's sarcoma 76 1986 77 Marlon Brando 78 Washington, DC 79 Second cello concerto, Op. 126 80 taxol 81 30,000 82 2130 83 Sunshine City Building 84 Japan 85 David Duke 86 Tomba 87 Helmut Schmidt 88 nutmeg 89 35 90 L. Ron Hubbard 91 Shanghai 92 Robert Morris 93 Ferdinand Magellan 94 Hoagy Carmichael 95 Ghana 96 6:33 a.m. 96 1.33 p.m. Friday PST 97 19 million acre 98 Mt. Fuji 99 genome 100 Hurricane Andrew 101 2,000 102 Norm Haynes 103 more than 900 104 Marathi 105 10,000 106 K2 107 1964 108 Netscape Communications 109 The moon 110 Jack Ruby 111 one hour and forty minutes 112 Jerry John Rawlings 113 anencephaly 114 1.5 times stronger 115 federally funded pre-school program 116 Green Bay Packers 117 James Watson and Francis Crick 118 30% 119 Mairead Maguire 120 Bobbi Trout 121 Bakili Muluzi 122 Christopher P. Jones 123 81,000 124 To destroy ground cover 125 Washington 126 5 May 1994 127 Nagoya 128 Buzz Aldrin 129 13 130 22 May 1990 131 Toyota 132 Montevideo 133 green remediation technique 134 Port of Sevastapol 135 Leon Trotsky 136 Queen Beatrix 137 Felipe Gonzalez 138 Apoptosis 139 At least 4200 140 11 141 an hour and 20 minutes 142 Some 600,000 143 Mexico 144 2,400 MW 145 Tried to kill President Reagan 146 1990 147 Tomiichi Murayama 148 14,000 149 Chicago 150 1,270 kilometers 151 New York 152 12 million 153 Sacramento 154 11 155 Bill Clinton 156 3 January 1990 157 Hanover, N.H. 158 30,000 159 cold 160 July 14, 1789 161 more than Dollars 9bn 162 Pristina 163 Virginia 164 Equifax 165 209 166 23 October 1989 167 Polish 168 Joseph Hazlewood 169 Phoenix Suns 170 Prof. Borhanoddin Rabbani 171 John Sweeten 172 Hawaii 173 four moons 174 1987 175 March 26, 1827 176 over 500,000 177 29,028-foot-high 178 Brazzaville 179 Rome 180 Colombo 181 Do Androids Dream Of Electric Sheep 182 Trial by Jury 183 HAL 184 1837 185 1916 186 Luxembourg 187 Ford's Theater 187 Washington, D.C. 188 Aug. 18, 1920 189 Persian Gulf 190 Ind. 191 Lamar, Mo. 192 Henry A. Kissinger 193 Lincoln 194 Respighi 195 JAMES JOYCE 196 Shakespeare 197 "Yeah, but I'm sleeping !" 198 poisonous hemlock 199 14,776 feet 9 inches 200 147-foot