topics *NOT* required for T4:

- matlab/java graphics/plotting
- helpful: Java conditional expression $TEST ? Vtrue : Vfalse$

topics potentially on T4 but not worth all that many points:

o vectorization
o loop invariants
o big-oh notation, performance
o inheritance

topics required for T4: all topics covered on earlier exams plus
material covered since then, with an emphasis on recent material.

java
+ box scope diagrams
+ $//$ or $/*$-$*/$ for comments
+ $%$ is remainder operation
+ $&&$, $||$ are short-circuiting "and" and "or"
+ statement block: code within braces (${$, $}$) -- has new scope
+ declaration: $TYPE x;$ to declare (create) a variable $x$ of type $TYPE$.
+ constants: $final$, tradionally named in all upper-case, e.g. $ACE$.
+ $for$ loops, $while$ loops, conditionals $if$ and $if$-$else$.
+ class or static variables and methods
+ instance (non-static) variables and methods
+ parameters and other local variables
+ local variables do *not* get default values, 
  but instance and static variables do get default values
+ methods
  + constructors
  + return type, $return$ statement, $void$
+ typecast/cast/convert/coerce $VALUE$ to be of type $TYPE$: $(TYPE) VALUE$
+ primitive/scalar types
  + $int$: default value $0$
    + careful: $/$ on integers returns an integer, e.g. $3/2$ is $1$.
  + $double$: default value $0.0$
  + $char$: don't use default value ($(char) 0$)
  + $boolean$: default value $false$
+ objects, references to objects
  + aliasing
  + default value: $null$
  + strings
    + type is $String$
    + methods: $length()$, $charAt()$, $toCharArray()$, $toUpperCase(), 
             $toLowerCase(), $equals(s)$, $new String(c)$, $new String(s)$
  + arrays
    + box scope: draw in class $Object$
    + 2D array = array of arrays
    + type is $TYPE[]$ or $TYPE[][]$
    + new array with default values: $new TYPE[size]$ or $new TYPE[size][]$
    + new array with existing values $V1$,...,$Vn$: $new TYPE[] {V1, ..., Vn}$
    + length of array $x$: $x.length$
    + $i$-th element of array $x$: $x[i]$
  + $new TYPE (...)$ to create a new object in class $TYPE$
  + user-defined
  + $private$ versus $public$
+ $System.out.print$ and $System.out.println$
+ TokenReader: $readInt$, $readDouble$, $readString$
  (we'll give you the line $TokenReader in = new TokenReader(System.in);$)

+ inheritance
  + terminology: sub-class, super-class, override a method
  + syntax: $extends$
  + call inherited constructor: $super(...);$
  + call inherited method $m$: $super.m(...);$
  + instance variables and instance methods are inherited
  + new access modifier: $protected$
  + polymorphism: a variable declaration $Foo x;$ where $Foo$ is a class means
    "$x$ holds $null$ or a reference to an object in class $Foo$ or an object
    in a subclass of $Foo$".
  + the actual implementation of a method used depends on the actual class of
    the object, not the declared type of the reference